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NOTICE OF WITHDRAWAL 
Te: we Acquisitions 


| 7 Serials 


all NOe Author: Munro,John 
4582 Title: A Pocket Book of Electrical Rules 
Reason for withdrawal: (7 lest i duplicate 
7 . Copies 
he beyond repair 


Notes This form is not to be used for books which 
L213 are to be replaced. 








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UNITS—DEFINITIONS. 


]2 


SYNOPSIS OF UNITS. 














I.— FUNDAMENTAL. Dimensions. 
Length—Mass—Time, . 2 ; : i : et Sop e eae : L—M—T 
II.—DERIVED MECHANICAL { 
Avie ots itis ugh ea ee a ge I eat ae a ier 
Volume, e ° e = i xX L ~ L, . e e ° e . . ° e e Lé 1 | 
Molociy. <9 VeaiLe Ti Lee PB ey 3 
Momentum, .° = mass X velocity, .. = 6 <) s (R25 s =. See on 
Acééleration, A= velocity + time, <5 <2 9° 2 os Oe See 
Force, . >...  H ="mase X acceleration, (=. 36 > aiwcis se neo” (eee LMT” 
Work,. . . W = force x length, sx de sae os age Than ket =a ie aaa Sie 
‘Energy (kinetic), = $ mass X velocity3,. <<. |. 9s “se . 9<> = =: «anne 7? =e 
I1.—Derivep ELEctRO-STATIC. 
Quantity, ...... g=vQ =” force distance?, . 3 : é Le 24 Tt} 
Current, ..: . > 36 = a C = quantity+time, . : ‘ ‘ R an a ne 
Electro-motive Force, te teh ; ; qe 
Difference of Potential, é= 5 =. Works qnanuty, «- 32 es L? M 
ReSistANCO ie Seo ie hie cen OP = = = electro-motive force +current, . me Ph ay 
Capacity, . . Lake = v2K = quantity + electro-motiveforee,. . | L 
Sp. Ind. Capacity, . 2. es « + . = quantity + another quantity, . eee numeral. 











UNITS—DEFINITIONS, 


13 


SYNOPSIS OF UNITS. 





IV.—DERIVED MAGNETIC. ‘DIMENSIONS, 


5 s 3 L 
ee a Bian m =: ™ force X distance?, . oh Pe: ieee L2 M2 T7} 


—1 
Moment of a Magnet, . ml = strength of pole X length between poles, . L2 Ma A 
Intensity of Magnetisation, I = moment of magnet + volume, - s . Ol aBe mer! 
Magnetic Poiential,. . . . = work + strength of pole, wi hn: eee alk Ae Se ame 


V.—DxrRIVED ELECTRO-MAGNETIC. 


PUEChi 6) «eke 6s. Os < — intensity of field x length, . . . L? mM? pt 
GUAMIGY, coe u< oo Q = 2 = currentXtime=CT, . . eons L? M3 
Difference of Potent Eseo=work+quantity, . . . . . | LPM? a 
Resistamce, . .. R = rv? = electro-motive force + current, . 3 ;, co 
WapACY, <6 oc ees K = aS quantity + electro-motive force, ; un a 








Ratio of electro-magnetic to electro-static unit of quantity, v =8 1010 centi- ay 
metres per second approximately, . . . . WIP | T 








UNITS—DEFINITIONS. 


13@ 


SYNOPSIS OF PRACTICAL UNITS. 











| 3 Value. 
| Unit Eg Name Derivation. 
| Dn C.G.S. Equivalent. 
CC I OO rN Tee = 
| Be WESE. 10} Volt. Ampere x ohm. 10 ‘926 standard Daniell cell. 
9 
| Resistance, R Ohm. Absolute, see p. 14,; 10 ee em. mercury, 1 sq. mm. 
i section at 6° Cent. 
Current, C Ampere. Absolute, see p. 14.} 10 
_; | {1118 milligrammes of silver 
Quantity, . | Q Coulomb. Ampere x second. | 10 1 deposited per second. 
Capacity, . K Farad. | Coulomb + volt. 10° 
ne : 7" Microfarad. | 1 millionth farad. ieee 2°5 knots of D. U.S. cable. 
Power,. . Pw Watt. Volt x ampere 10° 0013405 or a horse-power. 
Works: <P: ( | Volt x coulomb. | . ,, ‘7373 ft.-lbs, in a second. 
W3 Joule. ) 
Heat, Amp.2 x sec. x ohm. 3 ‘238 calorie or Therm. 
ee Fis Secohm. Second x ohm. | 10° Apparent increased res. 





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MEASURES. 


24 


MEASURES 


Arabia, . 
Austria, . 
Bohemia, 
Brabant, . 
Burgundy, 
China, 
Denmark, 
England, 
Flanders, 
France, . 
Hamburg, 
Hanover, 
Hesse, 
Holland, . 
Hungary, 
Italy, . . 


IN WHICH THE LENGTH OF OVER-HEAD LINES ARE EXPRESSED 


IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES. 


Sen ee ATs 
piastivee Mee a |< 
wife ce MELO eS -, 
oe »> ue0aeue: : . 
- . . League, . 
i Aa al" Sige ae 
éh etter Oe 
Sint o NELIO: 

Big. CASS... 


« ‘s) » Kilométre, . 


opehen Duley. 
per meds BOSSY.) 
giver pee lee 
S Kaiewe SEOs 6c 
gee Cae WENO 5 5 
AEA NG 3 |: a 


Length 
in English 
Yards. 
2148 
10126 

10137 
6076 
6183 

632 
8244 
1760 
6864 
1093 
8244 

11559 

10547 
8101 
9113 
2025 


English 
Miles. 


122°04 
575°34 
575°96 
845°22 
351°66 
35°91 
468°41 
100° 
390° 
62°10 
468°41 
656°76 
599'26 
460°28 
517°78 
115°05 


English 
Miles. 


and 100 


do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 


Milés, &c., 
of different 
Countries. 


em? S)°95 


17°38 
17°36 
28°96 
28°46 
278°48 
21°35 
100° — 
25°64 
161°02 
21°35 
15°22 
16°68 
21°72 
19°31 
86°91 


Te) 
N 


MEASURES. 


MEASURES 


Lithuania, . . 
Norway;. .). 


.Oldenburg,. . 


Poland, 


Portugal, 
Prussia, . 


Saxony, 
Silesia, 


Spain, s 


99 . . e 


Swabia, . 
Sweden, . 
Switzerland, 
Turkey, . 
‘Tuscany, 
Westphalia, 


IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES—Continued. 


Length 
in English 
Yards, 

Bile Ne, teen 9781 
Mile, o Baits 12802 
NTO, go eg e S20 
Long Mile, . a ee OS 
Short Mile, . 6075 
League, . 6760 
Mile, 8237 
Mile, : 1628 
Versi eos 1167 
Mile, eS es 9905 
pee oe 7083 

ommon egua 
= of ae ke : 2 = 

egal egua of 

5000 Varas, . . i — 
Mile, . . i ans, i... LOtee 
Mile, 11700 
Mile, 9153 
Berri, . 1826 
Mile, 1808 


Mile. :Saisl 


English 
Miles. 
59D°73 
701°83 
614°77 
460°28 
345°17 
384°09 
480°68 

92°50 
66°30 
562°78 
402°44 


421°36 


275°34 


56335 
664°77 
520°05 
103°75 
102°72 
690°39 


English 
Miles. 


IN WHICH THE LENGTH OF OVER-HEAD LINES ARE EXPRESSED 


Miles, &c., 
of different 
Countries. 


= 18°00 


14°25 
16°26 
21°72 
28°97 
26°03 
21:37 
10811 
150°81 
17°76 
24°84 


23°73 


37°97 


17°38 
15°04 
19°23 
96°38 
97°34 
14°48 


MEASURES. 


26 


TELEGRAPH KNors INTO MiLeEs. 


TABLE FOR THE CONVERSION OF KNOTS oF 2029 YARDS INTO StatuTz Mites oF 1760 Yarps. 


ia. 





CEE Oe eT etl tee ee 


wee 11528 2°3057 3°4585 46114 5°7642 6°9170 80699 9°2127 i 
10 | 11°5284 | 12°6812 | 13°8341 | 14°9869 | 161898 | 17°2926 | 18°4454 | 19°5983 | 20°7511 : 





20 | 23:0568 | 24°2096 | 25:3625 | 26°5153 | 27°6682 | 28°8210 | 29°9738 | 381°1267 | 32°2795 | 33°4324 
80 | 34°5852 | 35°7380 | 36°8909 | 38°0437 | 39°1966 | 40°3494 | 41°5022 | 42°6551 | 43°8079 | 44:9608 
40 | 461186 | 47:2664 | 48-4193 | 49°5721 | 50°7250 | 51°8778 | 53°0306 | 54°1835 | 55°3363 | 56°4892 
50 | 57°6420 | 58°7948 | 59°9477 | 61°1005 | 62°2534 | 63:4062 | 645590 | 65°7119 | 66°8647 | 68°0176 
60 69°1704 70°3232 | 71°4761 | 72°6289 | 73°7818 | 74:9346 | 76°0874 | 77°2403 | 788931 | 79°5460 
70 | 806988 | 81 8516 | 83-0045 | 841573 | 85°3102 | 86:4630 | 87°6158 | 88-7687 | 89°9215 | 91:0744 
80 | 92°2272 | 93°3800 | 945829 | 95°6857 | 96°8386 | 97°9914 | 99°1442 | 100°2971 | 101:4499 | 102°6028 
90. | 103°7556 | 104°9084 | 106.0613 | 107:2141 | 108°3670 | 109°5198 : 110°6726 | 111°8255 | 112°9783 noone [ate 114-1312 





MEASURES. 


27 


MILES INTO TELEGRAPH KNOTS. 


TABLE FOR THE CONVERSION OF StaTuTE MiLzEs or 1760 Yarps into Knots or 2029 Yarns. 


8°6742 
17°5484 
26°0227 
34°6969 
43°3711 
52°0453 
60°7196 
69°39388 
78°0680 


0°8674 

9°5416 
18°2158 
26°8901 
35°5643 
44°2386 
52°9128 
61°5870 
70°2612 
789354 


1°7348 
10°4091 
19°0833 
27°7575 
36°4318 
45°1060 
53°7802 
62°4544 
71°1286 


79°8028 


2°6023 
11°2765 
19°9507 
28°6249 
87°2992 
45°9734 
54°6476 
63°3218 
71:9960 
80°6703 





3°4697 
12°1439 
20°8181 
29°4924 
38°1666 
46°8408 
55°5150 
64°1892 
72'8635 
81°5377 


43371 
13°0113 
21°6856 
30°3598 
39°0340 
47°7082 
56°3825 
65°0567 
73°7309 
82°4051 


5°2045 
13°8787 
22°5530 
31°2272 
39°9014 
48°5757 
57°2499 
65°9241 
745983 
83°2725 


6°0719 
147462 
23°4204 
32°0946 
40°7689 
49°4431 
581178 
66°7915 
75°4657 
84°1400 


69894 
15°6136 
24-2878 
32°9620 
41°6363 
50°3105 
58'9847 


67°6590 


76'3332 
85-0074 





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25°1552 
88°8295 
42°5087 
511779 
59°8521 
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LI06¥00- | F8LL400- | 99G9F00- | S9EGFOO- | GLEFFOO- | 029. 
E6ELE00- | LTE9E00- | LEZEEO0. | ZIZFEOO. | ESTESOO- | 090- 
OFELZOO- | IZF9Z00. | LISEZOO- | OE9FZOO- | 8S2EZOO- | OGO 
LG88I00- | 9608100. | 6FELTOO- | 6199100. | FOGSTOO- |-OF0- 
9FG1100- | TPE1T00- | SELOTOO- | 6LTO100- | 1Z96000- | 0&0. 
6089000: | SET9000- | 9ZLG000- | 60E2000- | 606FO00. | 0Z0° 
GE8Z000- | ¢9Ez000- | O2LZZ000- | 9T0ZO00- | L9LTOOO- | OTO- 
6€90000: | €0¢0000- | 80000. | €8Z0000- j 9610000. | 000- 
600- 800- L00- 900- G00. 
Bee pe a a he tg te, Bs eas te 
866900. | 6262900. | 92%9900- | 6E0E900- | LT9E900- | 060- 
SIFEGOO. | 9OTFEOO-. | O18ZE00- | OEEIG00- | 9LG0G00- | 080- 
SOOGEOO: | FESTFOO- | ETLOFOO- | Z6G6E00- | F8FSEOO- | 0ZL0- 
OLIZE00- | GLTiG00- | T6TOSO0-. | GZG6Z00- | FLZ8Z00- | 090- 
G06ZZOO- | Z9OZZOO. | LEZTZOO- | SZFOZOO- | GE96TOO- | OSO- 
COZETOO- | ZBSFIOO. | 6EGSETO- | EOZETOO- | 99GGTOO- | OFO- 
6106000. | $¢¢8000- | €F08000- | SFEZ000- | 6902000. | 0&0. 
FZSF000- | SS1F000- | TOSE000- | F9FEOOO- | GFIEOOO- | 0c0- 
6EE1000- | ZZET000- | TETTO0O. | O0¢60000- | $8Z0000- | OL0- 
9Z10000- | TZ00000- | T€00000- | 8000000- 0 000- 
F00- €00- 600- T00- 000- 
— ‘TRIG 
*‘svoly 





‘GIVNIOAG Af DNIONVAGY ‘SHIOUID TIVWG dO Svauy 


‘SHUOSVAN 


ad 


MEASURES—AREAS OF CIRCLES. 


45 





ee 








AREAS OF CIRCLES, ADVANCING BY 10THs. 


| 


Diam 


Areas. 

‘0 | 2 3 4 3) 6 neg ‘8 "9 

0 ‘0078 "0314 0706 1256 ‘1963 2827 3848 5026 *6361 

‘7854 9503 | 1°1809|} 1°3273; 1°5398| 1°7671; 2°0106) 2:°2698| 2°5446| 28352 
31416} 3°4636| 3°8013| 41547; 45239) 49087] 5:3095| 5°7255| 61575| 66052 
7°0686 | 7:5476| 8:0424| 8:5530| 9°0792| 96211} 10°1787 | 10°7521| 11°3411)| 11°9459 
12 5664 | 13°2025 | 13°8544 | 145220 | 15°2053 | 15°9043| 16°6190 | 17°3494;} 18°0951 | 18°8574 
19°6350 | 20°4282 | 21-2372 | 22°0618 | 22°9022 | 23°7583 | 24°6301 | 25°5176 | 26°4208 27°3397 
28°2744 | 29°2247 | 301907 | 31°1725 | 32°1699 | 33:1831 | 34°2120 | 35°2566| 36°3168 | 37°3928 
38°4846 | 59°5920 | 40°7151 | 41°8539 | 43°0085 | 44°1787 | 45°3647 | 46°5663 | 47°7837 | 49°0168 
50°2656 | 51°53800 | 52°8102 | 541062 | 55°4178 | 56°7451 | 58°0881 | 59-4469} 60°8213| 62°2115 
63°6174 | 65°0389 | 66°4762 | 67°9292 | 69°3979 | 70°8823 | 72°38824 | 73°8982 | 75°4298| 76°9770 
78°5400 | 80°1186 | 81°7130 | 83°3230 | 849488 | 86°5903 | 88°2475 | S9°9204| 91°6090} 93°3133 
95°0334 | 96°7691 | 98°5205 |100°287 |102°070 |103°869 |105°683 |107:513 |109°359 |111°220 
113 097 |114°990 |116°898 |118°823 |120°763 |122-718 |124°690 |126°677 |128°679 |130°698 
132°732 |184°782 |186°848 |1388°929 |141°026 |143°139 |145°267 |147°411 |149°571 |151°747 
153°9388 |156145 |158°368 {160606 |162°860 |165°130 |167°415 |169°717 |172°034 |174°566 
176-715 |179°079 |181°458 |183°854 |186°265 188°692 191°134 -|198°5938 |196°067 |198°556 
201-062 |203°583 |206°120 |208°672 |211-241 |213-825 [216-424 |210°040 |221°671 |224°318 
226-980 |229°658 |232°352 |285°062 |237°787 |240°528 |243°285 |246°057 |248'846 [251-650 
254°469 |257-°304 |260°155 |263-022 |265°905 |268°803 |271-716 |274°646 |277°591 |280°552 
283 529 |286°521 |289°529 |292°553 [295593 |298°648 |301-719 [804-805 |307-908 |311-026 
814160 |317°309 |320°474 |823°655 |826'852 [830-064 |333:292 |836°536 |339°795 [348 070 
[0 ‘1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 ‘9 


MEASURES—AREAS OF OIRCLES,. 


46 


AREAS OF CIRCLES, ADVANCING BY 10THS—Continued. 





| Areas. 








—> ES ES | TT | ET 
ee | ee | er ne | ees | eee fl ee ee | 


21 | 346361 | 349°667 | 352°990| 356°328| 359°681 | 363°051 | 366-436 | 369°837 | 373°253 | 376°685 
22 | 380°133| 383°597 | 387-076 | 390°571| 394-082 | 397-608 | 401°150} 404-708 | 408-282 | 411°871 
23 | 415:476| 419-097 | 422-783 | 426°385| 430°053 | 433-787 | 437-436 | 4417151 | 444°881 | 448°628 
24 | 452°390| 456°168 | 459°961 | 463°770| 467°595 | 471°436 | 475°292 | 479°164 | 483°052 | 486- 955 
25 | 490°875| 494°809| 498-760] 502°726| 506°708} 510-706! 514°719| 518°748 | 522°793 | 526°954 


26 | 530-930] 535-022 539°129| 543-253 | 547-392 | 551:547 | 555°717 | 559°903| 564-105 | 568° eet 
27 | 572°556| 576805 | 581:070| 585-350| 589-646 | 593958 | 598-286 | 602°629| 606-988 | 611-363 | 27 
| 








28 | 615°753| 620°159| 624°581| 629°019| 633°472 | 637-941} 642°425 | 646:926 | 651-442 | 655-973 
29 | 660°521] 665:084| 669°663| 674-258| 678°868 | 683-494 | 688°136 | 692°793 | 697-466 | 7027155 
30 | 706°860| 711°580| 716°316 | 721-067 | 725°835 | 730°618 | 735°417 | 740°231| 745:061 | 749-907 


81 | 754:769| 759°646| 764°539| 769°448 | 774°372 | 779313} 784:268 | 789°240| 794-227 | 799°230 
32 | 804°249| 809°284| 814°334| 819°399| 824-481 | 829°578| 834°691 | 839°820| 844 964] 850°124 
33 | 855°300| 860°492| 865699 | 870°922| 876°160| 881-415] 886-685 | 891°970| 897-272] 902°589 
34 | 907°922| 913°270| 918°635| 924°011| 929-410} 934°822] 940-249 |.945°692 | 951°150! 956°625 
35 | 962°115| 967°620| 973°142| 978°679| 984°231 | 989°800 | 995°384 |1000°98 |1006°60 {1012-23 


36 11017°87 |1023-54 |1029'21 |1034°91 |1040°62 |1046°34 |1052-09 /1057°84 |1063°62 {1069-40 
37 |1075°21 |1081°03 |1086°86 |1092°71 |1098°58 |1104'46 /111036 {1116-28 |1122-21 112815 
38 |1134°11 |1140°09 {1146-08 /1152°09 |1158-11 }1164:15 |1170°21 |1176°28 {118237 |118S-47 
39 1119459 |1200°72 |1206°87 |1213°04 |1219°22 |1225-42 [1231°63 |1237°86 |1244:10 |1250°36 
40 |1256°64 |1262°93 |1269°23 |1275°56 |1281°89 |1288°25 |129462 |1301:00 /1307-40 ‘wom iso 


0 1 <9) 3 4 5 ‘6 “7 


a 


MEASURES—AREAS OF CIRCLES, 


AREAS OF CIRCLES, ADVANCING BY 10THS—Continued. 





mee ee | 


1820°25 1826°70 | 1833°16 | 1539°64| 1846°14] 1852°65| 1359-18 | 1365:72| 1372:28| 1378°85| 41 
1385°44 1392-05 | 1398°67 | 1405°30 | 1411-96} 1418°62| 1425-31} 1432-01 | 1438°72| 1445°45| 42 
1452°20 | 1458-96 | 1465°74 | 1472°53 | 1479°34| 1486°17| 1493-01| 1499°87 | 1506°74| 1513°62| 43 
1520°53 1527 "45 | 1534°38 | 1541°33 | 1548°30| 1555°28| 1562-28 | 1569-29 | 1576°32| 1583-37 | 44 

| 1597°51 | 160460! 1611°71| 1618°83 | 1625-97 | 1633:12| 1640°30| 1647°48| 1654°68 | 45 


1669°13 | 1676-37 | 1683°65 | 1690°93 | 1698°23 | 1705°54} 1712°87| 1720:21| 1727°57| 46 
1742°33 | 1749°74| 1757°16 | 1764°60 | 1772°05| 1779°52 | 1787-01 | 1794°51 | 1802-02 | 47 


1590°43 


46 | 1661°90 
173494 
1809°56 | 1817°10 | 1824°67 | 1832°25| 1839°84 | 1847°45| 1855-08 | 1862°72 | 1870°38| 1878°05| 48 

1885°74 | 1893°45 | 1901 17 | 1908°90| 1916°65 | 1924-42} 193220] 1940:00| 1947°82] 1955°65| 49 

1971°36 | 1979°23 | 1987°13 | 1995°04 | 2002°96 | 2010°90 | 2018°86 | 2026°83 | 2034°82} 50 


2050°84 | 2058°87 | 2066-92 | 2074°99 | 2083-07 | 2091°17 | 2099-28 | 2107-41 | 2115°56 | 51 
2131°89 | 2140-08 | 2148-29} 2156°51 | 2164:75 | 2173°01 | 2181-28 | 2189°56 | 2197°87 | 52 
2214°52 | 2222°87 | 223123 | 2239°61 | 2248°01| 2256°42 | 2264-85 | 2278°29| 2281°75 | 53 
229871 | 2307°22 | 2815°74 | 2324°28 | 2332°83| 234140 | 2349°98 | 2358°58 | 2367°20| 54 
2384°48 | 2393°14| 2401°82| 2410°51 | 2419°22 | 2427°95 | 2486°69 | 2445°45 | 245422) 55 | 


2471°81 | 2480°63 | 2489°47 | 2498-32 | 2507-19 | 2516°07 | 2524-97 | 2533°88| 2542°81) 56 
2560°72 | 2569°70 | 2578°69 | 2587-70 | 2596-72 | 2605°76 | 2614°12| 262389 | 2632°98| 57 
2651'20 | 2660°33 | 2669°48| 2678-65 | 2687-83 | 2697-03 | 2706-24 2715-47 | 2724°71| 58 
2743°25 | 2752°54| 2761°85 | 2771°17 | 2780°51 | 2789°86 | 2799°23 | 2808°62| 2818°02) 59 
2836°87 | 2846°32 | 2855°78 | 2865-26 | 2874-76 | 2884°26 | 2893°79 | 2903°34| 2912°89| 60 


ES | | | 
ee ee eee eee Oe 


1963°50 


2042°82 
2123°72 
2206718 
2290°22 
2875°83 


> 
— 
e 
te 
Diam 


Or 
lor) 





MEASURES—AREAS OF CIRCLES. 


48 


AREAS OF CIRCLES, ADVANCING BY 10THS—Continued. 


Al 0 1 2 | 3 | 4 |) 5 6 7 ‘8 9 


ee | EE |S | NS | RD f 





es | | a | |S 


61 | 2922-47 | 2982°06 | 2941°66| 2951:28| 2960°92 | 2970°57 2980°24 | 2989°93 | 2999°63 | 3009°34 
62 | 3019°07| 302882 | 3038°58| 3048°36 | 3058°15 3067°96 | 3077°79 | 8087°63 | 3097°49 | 8107°36 
63 | 3117:25| 3127°15| 3137-07 | 3147-01| 3156°96 | 3166°92 3176°91 | 3186°90| 3196°92 | 3206-95 
64 | 3216:99| 3227°05 | 3237:13 | 3247-22} 3257-33 | 3267-46 3277°59 | 3287°75 | 3997°92 | 3308°11 
65 | 3318°31| 3328°53| 33°3876 | 3349°01| 3359°28 | 3369°56 337985 | 8390°17 | 3400°49 | 8410°84 


66 | 3421:20| 3431°57| 3441:96 | 3452°37 | 3462°79 | 3473°23 3483°68 | 3494-16 | 3504-64) 3515714 
67 | 3525°66| 353619 | 3546°74| 3557°30| 3567°88 | 3578-47 3589°08 | 3599°71 | 3610°35| 3621°01 
68 | 3631°68| 3642°37 | 365308} 3663°80| 867454} 3685°29 | 3696:06 3706°84 | 8717°64| 3728°45 
69 | 3739°28| 3750°13| 3760°99 | 3771°87 | 8782°76 | 3793°67 | 3804°60 3815°54 | 3826°50| 3837°47 
70 | 3848-46 | 3859°46| 3870°48| 38881°51| 38892°56 | 3903°63 | 3914-71 3925°81 | 3936°92 | 3948°05 


71 | 3959:20| 3970°36 | 3981:53| 3992°73| 4003°93 | 4015°16 | 402640 4037°65 | 4048:92 | 4060-21 
979, | 4071°51| 4082°83| 4094:16| 4105°51| 4116°87 | 4128-25 | 4139°65 | 4151-06 4162°49 | 4173°93 
73 | 4185°39 | 4196°87| 4208°36| 4219°86| 4231°38| 424292 | 4254°48 4266°04 | 4277°63 | 4289°23 
74 | 4300°85| 4312°48| 4324-12 | 4335°79| 4347-47 | 4359°16 | 4370°87 | 4382-60 4394°34 | 4406°10 
75 | 4417°87 | 4429°66| 4441-46} 4453°28) 4465°12 | 4476°97 | 4488°84| 4500°72 4512°62| 4524°54 


76 | 4536°47 | 4548:41| 4560°37| 4572°35| 4584°35 | 459635 | 4608°38| 4620-42 4632°47 | 464454 
7 | 465663 | 466873 | 4680°85| 4692°99| 4705°14| 4717°30| 4729°49 | 4741°68 | 4753°96 | 4766°12 
78 | 4778'37| 4790°63 | 4802°90| 4815:20| 4827°50| 4839 83| 4852°16| 486452 | 487 6°89 | 4889°27 
-79 | 4901°68| 4914°09| 4926°53| 493898] 4951-44] 4963°92| 4976-42 | 4988°93 | 5001-45 | 5014 00 
80 | 502656! 5039°13| 5051°72| 5064'32| 5076 95| 5089°58 | 5102-24} 5114°90 | 5127°59| 5140°29 


eee ee et lt ee ee a ee mea lee emma (a een ber Se aaa a 





MEASURES—AREAS OF CIRCLES. 


49 


5153°00 
5281-02 
5410°62 
5541°78 
567451 


5808'81 
594469 
6082713 
6221:15 
6361°74 


6503°89 
6647°62 
6792-92 
6929°79 
7088°23 


7238°24 
7389°82 
7542°98 
7697°70 
785400 


AREAS OF CIRCLES, ADVANCING By 10THS—Continued. 


5165°74 
5293°91 
5423°66 
5554°98 
5687-87 
5822°33 
5958°36 
6095°96 
6235°14 
6375°88 
651819 
6662°08 
6807°54 
695456 
7103°16 


7253°33 
7405°07 
7558°38 
7713°26 
7869°71 


5178°48 
5306°82 
5436°72 
5568°20 
5701°25 


5835°86 
5972°05 
6109°81 
6249°14 
6390°04 


6532°51 
6676°55 
682217 
6969°35 
7118711 


7268°43 
7420°33 
7573°80 
7728°83 
7885°44 


5191°25 
5319°74 
5449°80 
5581°43 
5714°64 
6849°41 
5985°76 
6123°67 
6263'16 
6404°22 


6546°85 
6691-05 
6836°82 
698416 
7133 07 


7283°55 
7435°60 
7589°23 
7744°42 
7901°19 


5728'04 


5862°97 
5999°48 
6137°55 
6277-19 
6418 41 
6561°20 
6705°55 
6851°48 
6998°98 
7148°05 


7298°69 
7450°90 
7604°68 
7760°03 
7916°95 


5216°82 
534562 
547600 
5607°95 
5741°47 


5876°55 
6013°21 
6151°44 
6291°20 
6432°62 


6575°56 
6720°07 
6866°16 
701381 
7163°04 


7313°84 
7466°20 
7620714 
7775°65 
7932°73 


575490 


5890°15 
6026:97 
6165°35 
6305°31 
6446'84 
6589:94 
6734-61 
6880°85 
7028-67 
7178:05 
7329°00 
748153 
7635°62 
7791-29 
7948°53 


5242°45 
537 1°57 
5502°26 
5634°53 
5768°36 


5903°76 
6040°73 
6179°28 
6319°39 
6461°08 


6604°34 
6749°16 
6895°56 
7043°53 
719307 
734418 
7496°87 
765119 
7806°94 
7964'34 


5255'29 
5384°57 
5515°42 
5647°84 
5781°83 


5917°39 


6054°52 
6193°22 
6333°49 
6475°34 


6618°75 
6763°73 
6910°29 
7058°42 
7208°11 


7359°38 
7512°22 
7666°63 
7822°61 
7980°16 





5661°17 
5795°31 
5931°03 
6068°32 
620718 
6347°61 
6489°61 
6633°18 
6778°32 
6925°03 
7073°32 
7223°17 
737459 
7527°59 
7682716 
7838°29 
7996°00 {100 











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“UlBIG SONGS NS Oreo 
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‘SHTOUID JO SHONTUAAMNOAID 


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S 
2 





OL) 1-Z2Z | F-ZZS | 1-ZGS | L-1ZG |P- 12S |T- 12S |8-076 |9-066 


69|¢.61Z |Z-61G |6-81 |9-81Z |€-81% |0-814 | 2-212 |S-L1Z |0-21G |L-91z 
T-91Z |8-STZ |¢-G1G |T-S1G |8-F1Z |&- FIG |3-P1Z |6-S1Z |9-€14 |; 
9-G1G |-G1G |0-G1G | 2-116 |P- 116 |L-L1Z |8-014 |F-01Z | 19 
6-806 |6-L0G |9-L06 |$-L0Z 


1-202 |8-F02 
0.203 |9-10% 
8.861 |¢-861 


89|F-916 
LIIE-STZ 
99\T-01Z 


910-206 
¥9\8-806 
$9] 2-006 
69)9-L6T 
T9/-F6T 


09/€-T6T 
6S/T-88T 
89|0-S8T 
LS\6-TsT 
9S) L-82T 


GS/9.G2T 
PE|P-CLT 
€9/€-691 
6S| L-99T 
TS|0-89T 


096-61 
6P| 2-981 
8h/9-EST 
LUIP-OST 
9F/8-LFT 


CFZ-FFL 
bd10- TFL 
66-28 
GPL PSL 
TP 9-181 


OF|P-86L 
6E|/€-S6L 
88|Z-al 
L€\0-61T 
98/6-STL 


S| 6. 
Ss 
B 


0-€16 
8-606 


L.906 
¢-806 
b-006 
6-161 
L-P6L 


0-161 
8-L8T 
L-¥81 
G.I8T 
PSL 


§-GLT 
L-3LT 
0-691 
8 SOL 
L-C9OT 


¢-6ST 
b-9ST 
€-€¢S1 
LOST 
0-LPL 


6-EPT 
LOFT 
9-181 
b-FEL 
¢-181 


L821 
0-S6L 
8-161 
L-8IL 
9-STT 


8. 


iL-PEL 


¢-606 |G-604 |6-806 |9-806 


$-90Z 10-906 |L-€06 |F-90z 
6-€06 |6-20Z |9-Z0Z |§-602 
[.00G |8-66T |P-66T | L-66T 
6-96T |9-96T |S-96T |0-96T 
8-€6L |¢-E6L |2-E6L |8-c61L 


9-06T |€-06T |0-06T |2-68T 
G-L8T |Z-L8T |6-98T |9-98T 
V-VSL |0-P8T |L-E8L |P-E8T 
GIST |6-08T |9-08T |€-08E 
L-8L1 |8-L2T |G-LLT | T-LL1 


6-PLT |9-PLT |€-PLT |0-PLT 
8-TLT |G: TLT |G: TLT |6-0LT 
L-89L |§-89T |0-89T |2-L9T 
¢-C9OT |G-G9T |6-P9T |9-F9T 
¥-GOL |T-C9L |L-T9T |P-T9L 


6-6ST |6-8ST |9-8ST |€- 8ST 
L-9ST |8-GST |&-CST |T-SST 
6-GST |9-2GT |€-2S1 |0-691 
8-6FL |S GFL |Z-6FL |6-8FL 
L-OVI |\-9PL |0-9PL |L-SFT 


G-EPL |6 GPL |9-GPL 
L-OPL |8-68T |F-681 
6-98T |9 9ST /€-9ET 
8-SEIL |S-SET |6-8EL 
9-0&T |&-0&T |0-0 


6-961 
0-PGL |L-E6T |F-E6L 
6-OGL |9-0GT |§-06L 
8-LIL |P-LTT |L LI. 


L-G61 
G-26L 


¥-68T 
6-981 
L&8T 
0-081 
8-9LT 


L§LT 
G.OLI 
P-LOT 
€-P9T 
LT91 


0-8ST 
8-FST 
LIST 
9-8F1 
P-SPL 


6-GPL 
L68L 
0-981 
8-681 
L-661 


9-961 


G-SPL 
v-OPL 
6-LEL 


0-L€T 


8-L61 
L-¥OL 


¢. LET 
P-F6L 
G-IGL |6-T6T 
P-SIT |L-8i 
6-GIT |6-PIT 


rs | a rs | — ee 


ie 9. Gc. 


G-LOL 


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f. 


ec 


o* 


‘SOdTIOIOFUINIITD 





¥-S61 
6-661 


L681 
6-981 
8-681 
L.6LT 
¢.9LT 


P-ELT 
G-OLT 
LLL 
6-€9T 
8-09T 


L-LET 
G.PST 
b- TST 
§-8hT 
LPL 


0-27 
$-88T 
L-GéL 
¢ C&L 
¥-661 


G96L 
L861 
0-061 
8-9IT 


9-FIL |€-PLL |0-PLL |L-S11 


a 


Ze 











@.066 |6-616 


q. gas G- Lal 


See eee 


‘PINULIUIN —SATOVIH TO SHONAMBANAOUID 


‘SHUOSVAUN 





| 0-9TE 














OOT) 6-9T§/ 9-9TE 6-916, L-ST§| F-GTE! T-STE| L-F1S| F-F1E| T-FIS|OOE 

66 | 8-ET§] S-E1§| Z-€1E 3 
86 | L-OL€| S-O1€) 0-018 Reet bees T-60&| 8-808] ¢-S0E] T-S0E} 8-/0€/86 
L6 | G-LOE] G-LOE) 6-90) 9-90! €-90€] 6-208] 9-20E] &-G0E| 0 G0] L-FOEILE 
96 | F-FOE| T-FOS| L-E0E! F-S0E! 1-08) 8-Z0S| ¢-ZOE] Z-ZOS| 6-10] - L0E|96 
G6 | G-T0E] 6-008) 9-008) €-008! 0-00E| L-662| $-66Z| 0-664] L-86Z| F-86216 
¥6 | T-86) 8-262] ¢-26Z| I-26] 8-962] ¢.962| 2-96] 6-G6| 9-¢62| 8-467 |F6 
&6 | 6-F66G| 9-F6Z) €-F6G) 0-F6Z)| 2-86] ¥-863| 1-E63| L-G62| F-Z62| 1-616 
G6 | 8-166 ¢-16Z} Z-163! 6-062] ¢-06Z! Z-062| 6-682] 9-682] -68Z| 0-68Z/Z6 
16 | 4-882] &883) 0-883} 1-282) F-L8Z| T-L8Z| 8-98] ¢-984] 1-982] 8-87] 16 
06 | $-$8Z| Z-€82| 6-F82| 9-F87Z] &-FSZ] 0-F8Z| 9-€8z| €-E8S] 0-E8Z| L-78Z/06 
68 | P-G83| I-28] 8-182) F-18Z| 1-183] 8-082) ¢-08Z| Z-08G| 6-622] 9 6LZ|68 
88 | 6-612] 6-816] 9-816 §-82| 0-826] 1-21] F-LLZ] 0-LLZ| L-9L3| F-9LZ188 
L8 | [-9L3} 8-913) G-GLZ| B-ELG| 8-FLZ] ¢-F1Z| G-F1Z| 6-LZ| 9-GLZ| &-ELZ| £8 
98 | 0-E14| 9-222) §-G12| 0-ZLZ} L-1LG| F-122| L- LL] 8-026| F-0L2] 1-022198 
G8 | 8-692] $-692] Z.69Z| 6-89G| 9-892] Z-89Z] 6-29G! 9.192] 2-292 0-29Z1E8 
¥8 | L-99G) F-992| 0-997 L-G9Z| ¥-E9Z| 1-9Z| 8-F9Z| G-F9Z| Z-F9S| 8-297 |F8 
€8 | G-€9G] G-€9Z] 6-Z9Z| 9-Z9Z| §-Z9Z| 0-Z9Z| 9-19Z] -19Z) 0-19B} L-09ZIE8 
G8 | F-09G| 1-092] 8-642) F-62] 1-693] 8-892 ¢.8EZ| Z-SEaZ| 6-LGS| 9-LEZIZB 
18 | G-LEG| 6-9E2] 9.93] €-9GZ| 0-93] 1-EGZ] F-GEZ| 0-GG] L-FSZ| F-FSZIIB 
08 | L-FS%) 8-EG2| ¢.43] B-ES7S| 8-ZGZ] @.2E7Z| Z-ZGZ|.6-1S3| 9-1ES! 13108 
6L | 0-2] 9-0¢Z) €-0G2| 0-04) 2-63] -6FZ| 1-6FZ| 8-82] G-SFZ! T-SEZIGL 
SL | 8-LFG| G-Lb2| Z-LFZ) 6-9FZ| 9.9FZ| $-9FZ| 6-GFZ| 9-GhZI G-SFZ| 0.GFZISL 
LL | L-F¥G| $-FFG| T-FHG| L-EFS| F-SFS| T-EhZ| 8-24S| G-GES) G-ZFS| 6- TPT (LL 
9L | &-GFS) B-1FS| 6-0FZ| 9-0FZ| €-0F2| 0.0FZ| 2-62] -6EZ| 0-6EZ| L-SEZI9L 
GL | F-8E7} T-8EZ] 8-LEZ) ¢-1E3] 1-283] 8-9] ¢.9E2| Z-9EZ| 6.GEZ| 9-GEZz1EL 
VL | €-GES| 6-FES| 9-FEZ| &-FET! O-FES| L-EE7| F-ES| L-ESZ| L-GES] F-CEZIPL 
SL | [-G&6| 8-1&Z| ¢-1€3! G-1EZ! 6-083] ¢-08Z| Z-0&Z| 6-62S| 9-622] -67Z(EL 
ZL | 0-6G2| 1-832] $-8Z7| 0-8ZS| 1-262 P-LG:.| T-LG2| 8-92%) F-9BE) T-9EEIEL 
IL | 8-Z@| ¢-GZZ eae 9-466) &+1 GE] 6-EZS] 9-EBS| -E7%| 0-EB7/ TL 
6. 8- L. | 9. ¢. y- €- é- T- 0- = 
ge et ae aa ee eee 
‘SOOTOTOFUINIIIO y 





‘PANUYUIO—SHIOUID AO SHONAUAANNOAIO 


*‘SAUOSVAN 











oS, 


‘S0Sed ZULMO][O] UO SO[UBT, GOS » 


L¥-SLP = 6000. jo ey 
Lt8-16 = 6020. ~~ jo sf 


SAS pM erbibled LA AN Rasa 
2¥814000.- z= 0-060Z Jo st 
LbSL400- = 0-60% Jo ‘ 


Il 


LPSLFO. 6:02 Jo ,eooadtoe. ‘snyy, 


‘OQUINU SI WOT, popoRAyqus JasezUr yove 
10} qulod jeuoop v Suyonpep 10 ‘teqmnu s4t 09 
poppe JesozUr Youve 107 yutod [euIOep & s[qey, oy} 
Ur [eooidtoet ey} 0} SuIppe Aq ‘ouore spewutoop 
10 ‘QUOTe SOqUINU SOYA 0% SN IIOYy puszxe 
07 As¥ve SI 41 gnq ‘poxIW s[eMoep pue sroquinu 
Q/OYM Jo esoyy ore svoordioes oY} 9[QeJ, OY} UT 
‘JOSIATp B SB POs JOIN S4I JOJ PoyngyTysSqns SuIeq 
‘Lordiyjuut vse pesn ‘jeoordioer oy} £ SUOT}eTNOTvO 
Aysvy SurzezI[LOVZ 10J [nJosn Apyuonboy o1e speoosd 
-Tooy = ‘SyUosoader [wooadioer ayy YOM J9guInu 
oy} Aq peprtarp wns owes 0g} 04 [enbs st taquinu 
v jo jeoordioe1 oy} Aq poydyjnu wns Auy 


, SUHAWAN FO STVOOUdIONYy 


‘SHUASVEW EG 


MEASURES—RECIPROCALS OF NUMBERS. 


54 


ne | cs | | | a | EE RS | ES | ED | SS cS | ES | 


166667 
142857 
125000 
W111 
“10000 


090909 
083333 
"076923 
071429 
066667 


062500 
058824 
055556 
‘052632 


909091 
476191 
322581 
"243902 
196078 


‘163934 
140845 
123457 
"109890 
“099010 


090090 
082645 
076336 
070922 
‘066225 


062112 
"058480 
055249 
"052356 


°833333 


454546 


312500 
238095 
"192308 


161290 
"138889 
121951 
108696 
098039 


089286 
081967 
075758 
070423 
065789 


061728 
058140 
054945 


pees 


REcIPROCALS oF NUMBERS. 


3°33333 


769231 
"434783 
303030 
232558 
188679 


"158730 
"136986 
"120482 
107527 
097087 


"088496 
081301 
075188 
"069930 
"065359 


061350 
057803 
054645 
051813 


714286 
416667 
294118 
227273 
185185 


"156250 
135135 
119048 
106383 
096154 


087719 
"080645 
074627 
069444 
064935 


060976 
057471 
054548 
"051546 


666667 
40000 

°285714 
*222222 
"181818 


153846 
*133333 
117647 
"105263 
095238 


086957 
‘08V000 
074074 
068965 
064516 


060606 
057143 
054054 


051282. 


1°66667 


625000 
"381615 
977778 
217391 
178571 


151515 
131579 
116279 
“104167 
‘094340 


"086207 
079366 
‘073529 
068493 
064103 


060241 
056818 
‘053763 
051020 





1°42857 


*588235 
370370 
270270 
212766 
"175439 


"149254 
129870 
"114943 
°103093 
093458 


085470 
‘078740 
072993 
068027 
063694 


"059880 
‘056497 
053476 


any eae ee 


1°25000 


555506 
357 143 
263158 
°208333 
172414 


"147059 
"128205 
115636 
"102041 
092593 


084746 
078125 
072464 
067568 
063291 
‘059524 


‘056180 
053191 


"055366 


111111 


526316 


0 

i 
344828 | 2 
"256410 | 3 
204082 | 4 
"169492 | 5 
6 

rf 

8 

9 

10 


144928 
126582 


112360 
101010 


091748 


‘084034 | 11 
‘077519 | 12 
‘071942 | 13 


067114 | 14 
062893 | 15 


059172 | 16 


052910 
‘050251 | 19 








ee 


MEASURES—RECIPROCALS OF NUMBERS. 


55 


RECIPROCALS OF NuMBERS—Continued. 























No.| ‘0 4 Dattani, 4 “5 61 3 | .9 INo 





oe | | | | | | 











049505 | °049261 | :049020 | °048780 | °048544 | ‘048309 048077. ‘047847 | 20 


047170 | 046948 | -046729 | 046512 | 046296 | 046083 | 045872 | 045662 | 21 
045045 | 044843 | 044643 | 044444 | 044248 | °044053 | °045360 | 045668 | 22 
043103 | -042918 | 042735 | -042553 | °042373 | 042194 |°042017 | 041841 | 23 
24 | 041667 | 041494 | 041322 | 041152 | 040984 | °040816 | °040650 | 040486 | 049323 | 040161 | 24 
25 |°040000 | 039841 | -039683 | °039526 | -039370 | 039216 |°039063 | ‘035911 | 038760 | 038610 | 25 


20 | 050000 | 049751 | 
26 | 038462 | 038514 |*038168 | 038023 | -037879 | 037736 | 037594 | °037453 | 037318 | 037175 | 26 


21 | 047619 | 047393 
22 | 045455 | 045249 
23 | °043478 | 043290 


27 | 037057 | 036900 | 036765 | 036630 | 036496 | (036364 | °036252 |-036101 | °035971 | ‘035842 | 27 
28 | °035714 | 035587 | 035461 | 035836 | 035211 | ‘085088 | 034965 | 054843 | 034722 | 034602 ; 28 
29 | 034483 | -034364 | 034247 | 034130 | °034014 | 033898 | 033784 | -033670 | ‘033557 | ‘033445 | 29 
30 | 033533 | 033223 | -033113 | -033003 | -032895 | 032787 | °032680 | °032573 | °032468 | 032362 | 30 


31 | 052258 | 052154 |°032051 | 031949 | 031847 | ‘031746 | 031646 | °031546 | °031447 | 031548 | 31 

32 | 031250 | -031153 |°031056 | 030960 | 030864 | 030769 | °030675 | 030581 | °030488 | 030395 | 32 

33 | °030303 | -030211 | °6350120 | °030930 | °029940 | :029851 | °029762 | -029674 | 029586 | °029499 | 33 

34 | °029412 | 029526 | 029240 | -029154 | 029070 | °028986 | °028902 | °028818 | 028736 | ‘028653 | 34 

35 | °028571 | °028490 | -028409 | 028329 | 028249 | 028169 028090 | °028011 | °027933 | 027855 | 35 
| 


36 |°027778 | 027701 
37 |°027027 | 026954 
38 | °026316 | °026247 


027624 | 027548 | 027473 | 027397 
“026882 | 026810 | 026738 | 026667 
026178 |°026110 | 026042 | 025974 
39 |°025641 | °025575 |°025510 | :025445 | 025381 | :025316 025189 | ‘025126 | °025063 | 39 
40 | °025000 | 024938 |°024876 | 024814 | -024752 | 024691 024570 | 024510 | 024450 | 40 


rs 


026525 | :026455 | ‘026385 | 37 
‘025907 | 025840 | 025773 | °025707 | 38 
025253 


*027322 | 027248 |°027174 | ‘027100 | 36 
026596 
024631 

| 


MEASURES—RECIPROCALS OF NUMBERS. 


56 





0 


024390 
023310 
023256 
022727 
"022222 


021739 
021277 
020833 
020408 
020000 


019608 
019231 
018868 
018519 
018182 


‘017857 
017544 
017241 
016949 
‘016667 


ei 


024331 
023753 
023202 
*022676 
022173 


021692 
021231 
020790 
020367 
019961 


019569 
019194 
018832 
018484 
018149 


017825 
‘017513 
017212 


016920 


poe? 


REcIPROCALS OF NumBERS—Continued. 


2 


"024272 
*023697 
023148 
022624 
022124 


"021645 
021186 
020747 
020325 
019920 


019531 
019157 
018797 
018450 
018116 


017794 
017483 
‘017182 
‘016892 
016611 





3 


024213 
"023641 
023095 
022573 
022075 


021598 
021142 
020704 
020284 
‘019881 


019493 
019120 
018762 
018416 
018083 


‘017762 
‘017452 
017153 
‘016863 
016584 





4 


024154 
"023585 
023041 
"022523 
022026 


021552 
021097 
‘020661 
020243 
019841 


019455 
‘019084 
018727 
018382 
018051 


017731 
017422 
017123 
016835 
016556 





5 


"024096 
023529 
022989 
"022472 
"021978 


"021505 
021053 
020619 
020202 
“019802 


019417 
019048 
018692 
018349 
018018 


017699 
‘017591 
017094 
016807 
016529 


6 


024038 
"023474 
022936 
022422 
021930 


021459 
021008 
"020576 
020161 
019763 


019380 
019011 
018657 
018515 
017896 


‘017668 
017361 
017065 
‘016779 
016502 





‘T 


028981 
023419 
‘022883 
022371 
"021882 


021413 
020964 
020534 
020121 
019724 


019342 
018975 
018622 
018282 
017953 


‘017637 
017331 
017036 
‘016750 


| 


8 


*023923 
"023364 
022831 
022321 
"021834 


021368 
020921 
020492 
020080 
019685 


019305 
018959 
"018587 
018248 
017921 


017606 
017301 
017007 
016722 


9 


023866 
023310 
022779 
022272 
"021786 


021322 
020877 
020450 
"020040 
‘019646 


015268 
018904 
018553 
018215 
‘017889 


017575 
017271 
016978 
016694 


°016474 | 016447 -016420 





MEASURES—RECIPROCALS OF NUMBERS. 


57 





RECIPROCALS OF NumBers—Conlinued. 


ere | oe a es | ee | ee eee 


015152 
014925 
014706 . 
014493 
014286 


014085 
013889 
015699 
013514 
‘013333 


‘013158 
"012987 
012821 
012658 
‘012500 


016393 | °016367 
016129 
015873 
015625 
015385 


*016103 
015848 
015601 
015361 


015129 
"014903 
014684 
014472 
014265 


‘014065 
013870 
013680 
013495 
‘013316 


013141 
012970 
012804 
012642 
012484 


016340 
016077 
015823 
"015576 
015337 


015106 
014831 
014663 
"014451 
014245 


014045 
013850 


013661 


018477 
013298 


013123 


012953 
012788 
012626 
012469 


016313 
‘016051 
.015798 
015552 
015314 


015083 
014859 
014641 
014430 
014225 


014025 
013831 
013643 
013459 
‘013280 


013106 
012937 
‘012771 
012610 
012453 


016287 
016026 
015778 
015528 
015291 


015060 
014837 
"014620 
014409 
014205 


014006 
013812 
013624 
‘013441 
013263 


013089 
012920 
012755 
012594 
012438 


016260 
016000 


"015748 


015504 
015267 


015038 
014815 
‘014599 
014388 
‘014184 


013986 
013793 
‘013605 
013423 
013245 


018072 
012903 
012739 
012579 


012422 


016234 


015974 


015723 


‘015480 


015244 


‘015015 
014793 
014577 
‘014368 
014164 


013966 
013774 
013587 


018405 
013228 


013055 


012887 
012723 
012563 
‘012407 


016207 
015949 
015699 
"015456 
015221 


014993 
014771 
‘014556 
014347 
014144 


013947 
‘013755 
013569 
013387 
018210 


013038 
‘012870 
012706 
012547 
012392 


016181 
015924 
"015674 
015432 
015198 


‘014970 
014749 


014535 


014327 
‘014124 


013928 


013736 


013550 
013369 


018193 


013021 
012853 
012690 
012531 
‘012376 


016155 
015898 
"015649 
015408 
015175 


014948 
014728 
014514 


014306 


‘014104 


013908 


013717 
105532 
013351 
‘013175 


‘013004 
012837 
‘012674 


012516 
012361 





MEASURES—RECIPROCALS OF NUMBERS. 


58 








a 


012346 
012195 
012048 
‘011905 
011765 


011628 
011494 
011564 
011236 
011111 


010989 
010870 
010753 
010638 
010526 


010417 
010309 
010204 
010101 
010000 





1 


012330 
012180 
012034 
‘011891 
011751 


011614 
011481 
011351 
0112238 
011099 


010977 
010858 
010741 
010627 


010515 


010406 
010299 
010194 
010091 


009990 


RECIPROCALS OF NumMBERS—Continued. 


2 


012315 
‘012165 
012019 
‘011876 
011737 


011601 
011468 
011338 
011211 
011086 


010965 
010846 
010730 
010616 
010504 


010395 
‘010288 
“010183 


010081 


"009980 





3 


012300 
012151 
012005 
011862 
011723 


‘011587 
011455 
011825 


011198 


011074 


010953 
010834 
‘010718 
010604 
"010493 


010384 
"010277 
010173 
‘010070 
009970 





4 

012285 
012136 
011990 
011848 
"011710 


011574 
"011442 
011312 
‘011186 
011062 


010941 
010823 
010707 
010593 
‘010482 


010373 
010267 
010163 
010060 
009960 


5 


011561 
011429 
011299 
011173 
"011050 


010929 
010811 
010695 
010582 
010471 


010363 
010256 
‘010152 
010050 
009950 


{ 


012270 

012121 
011976 
011834 
011696 





6 


012255 


012107 
011962 
011820 
011682 


011547 
011416 
011287 


011161 


011038 


‘010917 
010799 
010684 
010571. 
"010460 


010352 
010246 
010142 
‘010040 
009940 





se 

012240 
‘012092 
011947 
011806 
011669 


011534 
011403 
"011274 
011148 
011025 


010905 


010787 
010672 


010560 


010449 


010341 
010235 
010132 
"010030 
009930 


8 


012225 
012077 
011933 


011792 


"011655 


‘011521 
011390 
011261 
011136 


011013 


010893 
010776 
010661 
010549 
010438 


010331 
010225 
010121 
010020 
009921 





"9 


012210 


‘012063 


011919 


011779 


011641 


"011507 
‘011377 
011249 
011123 
011001 


‘010881 
010764 
010650 
010537 
010428 


010320 
010215 
010111 
‘010010 
009911 





No. 


100 


a 


“yySuo, poambel Aue Jo 
pus ‘oplA SoToUl Sg 09 ST ST IT ‘Suo0i3s pus ‘e[qvinp ‘yno18d 
-SuBi} SE yt ' sUL0vIy JO uondiiosep A1eAe 10J poydepv 


yI010 Burry UWNI12A 
‘qj3ue] pormbos Aue Jo pus 


‘opIm soyoul ge St 4] ‘SINOTOO-10}VM PUB YUL OVI [ITA H 
$qguoredsuva} [[1}8 Sf pus ‘qyO[0 WO poyUNOU SI roded siqy, 


‘ladng buiwvnay pazunopy 


eee a 


-wadog bursv.iy, 2190;0baA YoUatT ISOUMT 


“CAO M OIG 10 ( “ OF * 99 ‘uMoIO eqnog eTqnodg e[qnod 
MoTTex ‘Tes 4 “ 0 “ OF * ‘WsMOIH efqnog e1aned 
-£IQ) 10 poze) (“SUL 0 kq 0& ; : + ‘TMOID e[qnod 


wadnd burns 
‘SSUIMBIP [VOTUBYOOUL IO} FUOT[OOXO SI s0ded 


sIq} JO V ‘ON ‘qysue[ permbo1 Aus jo pus ‘oplLA soqour 
9¢ ‘q ‘ON pus V ‘ON ‘wadng bunvug Jossojoy snonurjuoy 


: GRE Ope ste ite ae - ‘meg epouQ, 
09 OP ‘ K ‘ . : ‘1010d way 
* Te ‘“ 7@ . . . ° ° ‘Ter renbyuy 
- 9% 7, Di etvetre. Laase queydora elqnog 
4 86 ¥& Ehnink eee wme100U,L, 
rv 96 46 && : SPV 

€Z FE ; Sree 4 * yerquan[op 
6 ZG 66 92 e e ° * ° qsueydoly 


£6 66 ; : t ‘Tepedury 
Drm Gaes cs Se yekoy 1odng 


“61 “$3 ee \ Meas > ‘Tekow 

fT Ree wii a i Gee eT ‘CANIpeT 

46 CI 3 02 . . ° ° e ° ‘ued, 

sOl[0U} 91 x &1 e ° ° e e ° ‘deo 
‘wadng bupnnig 


‘3004S #Z = oaINdDT 
‘9]00YS (Sp = Soamnb OZ = Wel T 


"aaa d 


‘SHUASVAN 69 


MEASURES. 


60 





BIRMINGHAM GAUGE FOR WIRE, SHEET IRON, AND STEEL. 


Thickness in 
inches. 


Weight per Square Foot in Pounds. 


Sheet and 
Boiler Iron. 


18267 
17:053 
15°247 
137 


2°90 


be 8D EO COD 
02 OVP 


Sheet Cast 
Steel. 


Sheet 


Copper. 


4°37 


Sacer, aa cee ee 
Sag ee 
ONKOanton~= 





Sheet Lead. 


26°75 
25°06 
22°42 
20°06 
17°72 
16:75 
15°26 
14 02 
12°98 
11:98 
10°63 
9°73 
8°72 
7:90 
7:08 
642 
5°60 
4'90 
425 
3°83 
3°42 
290 
2°48 
2°04 
1:89 
1°65 


Approximate 
Thickness in 
inches. 





SIRMINGHAM GAUGE FOR WIRE, SHEET IRon, anv STEEL—Contfinued, 


Weight per Square Foot in Pounds. 





Approximate} 
No. Thickness in Sheet and Sheet Cast Sheet i 
B. W. G. Inches, Boiler Iron. Steel. Copper. ee Be Poe = 
23 ‘025 1:00 1 02 114 1°47 1: 32 
24 ‘022 0'885 0:903 101 1°30 1: 832 
25 020 0°805 0-820 0:918 1:18 1: 32 
26 ‘018 0-724 0738 0°826 1:05 1:64 
27 016 0°644 0657 0°735 0:945 1: 
28 014 0563 0°574 0 642 0°826 
29 013 0°523 0°533 0°597 0-767 
. 30 012 0-483 0 493 0°551 0 708 
Sy 31 010 0 402 0-410 0'480 0:600 
fa 32 “009 0°362 0'370 0'420 0°532 
= 33.Cti«; 008 - 0322 0 328 0:370 0°472 
< 34 *007 0282 0:288 0°323 0-413 
<3) 35 ‘005 0 230 0235 0:262 0°309 
= 36 004 L. -<070 | 9173 0:194 0 236 


,»  BrRMINGHAM GAUGE FoR SILVER AND GoLp. 
pm NE ee 





Inch 
1 004 O15 13 036 19 064 25 095 31 *133 
2 005 8 016 14 041 20 "067 26 103 32 "143 
3 008 9 019 15 047 21 072 27 113 33 145 
4 010 10 024 16 051 22 074 28 120 384 148 
5 013 11 029 17 057 23 077 29 120 35 158 
6 013 12 034 18 061 24 082 30 126 36 167 


61 





CoMPARATIVE TABLE OF DIFFERENT WIRE GAUGES IN USE. 





MEASURES—WIRE GAUGES. 


62 











British Standard Gauge. Birmingham Gauge. American Gauge. French Decimal Gauge. 
No. Diameter No. Diameter No. Diameter No. Diameter in 
8. W. G. in inches, B. W.G. in inches. A. W. G. in inches, F. W. G. | millimetres, 
7/0 500 a a bas 4 ee, ae 
6/0 464 0000 454 0000 4600 oe Ce des va 
5/0 432 000 425 hy " WY ena Mis ' 
4/0 “400 es dei 000 "$006 Rid eg 8 § 
3/0 372 00 380 00 Eo Llane mes Bike Re oe 
2/0 348 0 340 ‘i 7 aes Rae ae ee 
324 be oe 0 ‘3249 me Bs | 
1 300 1 300 ‘5 wad Sis 
2 276 2 -284 Hi | | gees 1. | 
3 252 3 | 259 2 2576 sed : <i | 
4 “232 4 ‘23 3 ‘2294 | ‘4 | te. 
5 212 5 |. 9 % 8 iedo rd he tke 
6 ‘192 61 ei. “208 4 2043 eg 50 
7 176 | 7 “180 5 "1819 20 4-4 
8 160 8 165 6 ‘1620 mi bed 
9 144 $ “148 Z 1443 19 3°9 
10 128 10 "134 8 "1285 18 3°4 
11 116 11 ‘120 9 "1144 17 30 
12 104 12 ‘109 10 "1019 16 27 
13 092 13 095 11 ‘0907 15 2°4 
14 080 14 083 12 | 0808 | 14 2-2 





oe Ee 


MEASURES—-WIRE GAUGES, 


63 


CoMPARATIVE TABLE OF DIFFERENT WIRE GAUGES IN Use.—Continued: 


British Standard Gauge. Birmingham Gauge. 


: American Gauge. French Decimal Gauge. 
0. Diameter No. Diameter No. Diam i i 
S. W. G. in inches. | B. W. G. | in inches. A. W. G. in jana F. WG, aes 35 

eee eco eee eee eee eee 13 20 

15 072 15 ‘072 13 ‘0720 12 1°8 

16 ‘064 16 065 14 0641 11 1 16 

17 ‘056 | 17 058 15 0571 10 15 

eee , eee eee eae ses ee 9 1°4 

— aby ae i <i 8 18 

18 048 18 049 16 0508 7 12 

eee eco 19 042 17 0453 6 lil 

19 ‘040 aa 18 0403 5 10 

20 036 20 035 19 0359 4 09 

21 052 21 032 20 0320 3 08 

22 "028 22 028 21 0285 Sam 0:7 

23 024 23 .025 22 0253 1 0-6 

24 ‘022 24 022 23 0226 ae = 

25 020 25 020 24 0201 0 

26 018 26 018 25 0179 acs ds 

27 0164 27 016 26 0159 ees eee 

28 0148 28 014 27 0142 eee r 

29 0156 29 013 . aa ee 

30 0124 30 ‘012 28 0126 - os 

| 


ecg Sa A TT 
, : 


MEASURES—WIRE GAUGES, 


64 


CoMPARATIVE TABLE OF DIFFERENT WIRE GAUGES IN Usr.—Continued. 





| British Standard Gauge. 


No. Diameter 

8. W.G. +] in inches. 
31 "0116 
32 ‘0108 
33 0100 
34 0092 
. 35 0084 
36 ‘0076 
37 0068 
38 . "0060 
39 "0052 
. 40 0048 
41 - 0044 
42 0040 
43 0036 
~ 44 *0032 
45 - 0028 
46 "0024 
/ 47 ‘0020 
48 "0016 
49 “0012 
50 0010 


Birmingham Gauge. 

No. Diameter 
B. W.G. in inches. 

si | io 

82 009 

30 008 

34 007 

eco 00 5 

36 "004 


- American Gauge. 
No. Diameter 
A. W. G. in inches, 
29 0113 
30 0100 
31 "0089 
32 0080 
33 ‘0071 
34 0063 
35 "0056 
36 0050 
30 "0045 
38 0040 
39 .00385 — 
40 0031 


French Decimal Gauge. 


F. 


No. Diameter in 


W.G. | millimetres. | 
eee | eee 
eee eee 
ee eee 
eee eee 


ee EEE rae 


e+ 9 

















—sgurqo St + ae +g SP 
"SqTOA ‘ (1+° + + q)O= 
Pernt 9 + rE 
‘sorodme § ae = ‘voy, 
fuga a +q =a “8g ou ose FT 





"gqfoa “YT x ea Bi Ga 
‘sorodure he = ou, 


‘sorodmre Ul quaaano em =O 
‘SUIYO Ul FINOITO Ul OOURASISAL 12404 eyu3 = WY 
‘Sq]0A 
ut £1034%q JO 9O10F OATJOUI-01902[9 ou3 = © 9971 


"AU SIT 


“ONTISHL 


*ONILLSHL 


sole + Soy + Uy 








Ty q =5 
byt, + ou MT |. ly vy 
ae q =10 
Cole + Gay + ley ’ 
oy + Ty a=O9 wrt 


“WT ‘o010} OATIOUL 
-01}09]9 Jo hiewen. ¢ ey} Aq Ajoatyoodser woyy 
ut peonpoid sqzuerino oy} ‘8 ‘lo ‘Q pue <q ‘po 
squtod oy} 4% 10430903 poJoouM0d syINOJIIO 90149 
jo soouR4sIsor oY} oq ‘SY 04} Ut 2s ‘Tu “yy gory 





| *SOOURISISAL 1107 
JO O19¥1 OSIOATII O44 “'a°t—SOTJIAT}ONPUOD TOY 
0} wosodoid ut syImoiId paatiep Suoure syd 
qUOLING YW— ‘SIRI PeANIg puy sjNI1INpD 


‘ONILSHL 99 


| _ ‘stI10, Fuys1xe 
JO pBoysuT posn oq 4ySiUA “op {dooy UL,, :SyNot19 doo » 
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‘st ‘(99 ‘d “Sy) Ss “To story 
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° Ae eT, 
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‘st “34 yqIm poutol uoyM “yy 90ue 
-481ser JuUIof e aATS 0} pauimbas aounzsisat oY, [ 
Sy Te 
sooueysisar ateyqy joums %4+ts [TT 


(A= sooueqsisor aloyy yoyonpoad 1 Ts I 
‘st (gg ‘d “3y) ore ofdiqjnu 
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—ISnyy, ‘seoueystser meyy Jo speooidioes ot Fo 
WINS 949 Jo peoord1oar oY} 03 [enbe st ymnoato potpered 
Ul poyoouTOD SoJTM Jo sequinu Aue jo a0wnpSISAL 
quiol oy], ,Sdoo] [e1sAes oY} JO SOrzPLATPONpUOD 
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qu0l OUT —'sMMIAD Prato JO souUISTSOgT 


“‘ONILSHL L9 





ui u 
tae He 
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‘000T 10 ‘OOT ‘OT ATrensn st % 


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0 


| ‘y ‘ramod 





—? sny 
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‘qIndIID OY} UL SuIMOG ‘O “4uerIno [e404 94} Fo 
O1}VI O44 SI guNYS & Jo uamog burhjdiyny oy,7 
‘qunys 66 66 = ; 
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befhia. 9 Spe 
8x 


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| —'sIunyS 


"*ONILSAL 89 


| "9[VO8 OY} WO WOISIATp OUO JO MOIZOOTOp *% 

‘quoule[e 8,[]eTueC B YYLA ‘eonpord 03 Azesseoou 
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-OUeATeS JOIITUI WOSMOY], eAT}Isues @ THM 





: i ne ee ec a 
(a+ a +55 roa ee 


‘ore JO SoeISep Ul SI p Fl UST, 


"T]99 O79 Gee ek gq 
qgunys ‘* ¢ 
JOOUIOUVATeS JO GOILYSISAL = 


AINOATO UI ‘yy “OOMRASISEA YI MOlPOOHop = P 49"] 





‘918 JO ,[ JO UOTJOOTEp & SATS 


quOUNETS §,[[aTUeC SMO YT YInoIIO UT “OTM Sn | 
‘goueystsea oy} Aq poeulmsejep SI JoyouLoueATes 
@ JO JOU JO 9ANSY 10 SsoMaATPISUES JO 90159P 
oy L— ses mmOUBAlEsS BG JO WAM JO Gains 


*DNILSHL 69 


*£1949%qQ 
pue quoUMiysul prepueys @ Y}IM yind1I9 emo 
Ul [[@ Woy, Suyoouuos Aq poieduioo osje ore 
siajomouratesy) ‘Asoqyeq @ YyIA 4Indd1I0 90 
UI sjudMINIysUT YY0q Suooudo0s Aq royoMOUATeS 
quosuey @ jo 4ey9 YyIM poseduiod oq ued U0Ty 
-Oopop JoyoUIOUVATVo UOSMIOYT, B JO eNTeA OU, 

"sqUe1IND 94} 04 0}eU0TY 
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Moy B JOS 0F doUISISEA YSIY pue “TI “W AOT 
@ 98N 0} 4Soq SI 4I ‘ore JO SedIsep oY} Jo UOTJOUNT 
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ay} Sours ‘peuleyqo uolyopop ey} Aq YuodINd 943 
OPIAIp ‘1a}oMIOUBA[eO UOSULOYT, @ JO osvo OY} UT 





‘sorodure Sl6ETy po, = UF x 19, 
971000 GLI0- TO “T “wey 10 

| Bt ,T J0 

UOT}OOHep & sonpoad P[NoA YOIyA yuorINs oy} pue 

; 0001 1.7, south agent 
soroduv [Q. = OL ba ‘O= a wet], 


| "‘swuyO QOOT Jo “VY ‘eoue 
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*ANUL0I—AIIMAOULALCS B JO 3JAIVA JO GANTT 


‘ONILSHL | OL 


‘savy OM 





‘gomod Surfpdypuur e sey s yunys otf} FT ‘oyu 


“SUOISIAID ° oor. _§ 


LOSE oR) 





p=a 
« FUeSTIOD ,, OT} OSLO STG} TT 


§ + 


‘surgo OOOO = A+ A + 5) 





‘qIndJ110 
[OTA OY} JO COUVISISEL OY} OXEUT OF yensn st 47 








‘SUOISTATP , OT (a ot = ‘- - oe 
¢¢ gUeystOd ,, 

do ‘aryoSeur euo Ysno1yy wolpoHep = 

‘morjpoTep poaresqo = P 4°] 


*(g9 ‘d ‘By 908) A ‘ooueqsisor 
jo joo euo pue ‘sumo Y YPM yMoyo Ul gt 900u 
-m0o pure ‘s W4IM “4) yojoumouvayes oy} yunysg— 
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SUVS OY} Oe STOTJSOUMOD VY — “poy7joUL qoaLIT 


tw) |p 
(9) 100. +9 + *g)(49 100. +9 + 9) 


= VW uoy ‘orojoq se “p ‘UOTJoTep 
oules UrTeyqo usyy pue ‘tg 09 g ‘In 04\9 JOUTV SG 


‘SUOTJOOUMOD BAO’ YIM ‘p “UoTJOeHep urle¥qQO. ‘T 


‘MoTjopHep yan sonpord 07 


SUIYOSOUL ML dOUeySISe1 portnber es y- 
5 ° hoy ce WI 
*A1949°eq, ss q 
‘smyoO QOOT = T1092 4 aR 
‘poysn[pe oq 0} S[l0o souvasIsat a ‘q ‘p 
ie ees qunys oe 8 
‘rojowouvATes syuesotdod 4) 
. ‘oanSy oy} Uy 





— :(aryoogy) poyzayy pooupus 


— ‘{aaneq Weald 
@ qua UONDIpep jun SupaiS ‘oonwssisogy 


*ONTISAL ol 


‘OO = alae 66 _ $ oyeu pue 


sds 3 lation 





‘suryo 0000 = *tP+ gts 


“qINOIIO UI DOULISISOL [2404 044 Fey 4 
asn[pv os aM Jl qey} OAOGe OY} WOT FUOPTAO ST 4T 





*SUTyOSOUL sOt( Gar +at “) 





‘HOU, ‘Sy UL Se 4IndIT0 UI “Z ‘soUeySISOL 
@ YYIM peureyqo st ‘p ‘uoroopep yoorlp VW % 


*(XOpUT 908) SpoyjoUr 1OqYO 
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TotS9 


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—? 480} oy} SuLyey, 


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id 


‘FFE ‘d JO 400} oes ‘MOTISOdep-0.1390]0 yMOIANO JOT 4 
: UL OT 
SNE 





= 4UBSUOD 8,Z),/0W[9H 


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IO IS 03 96 8B,, OC P[NOYS S[I00 oY} SuUre}UO0 seAooIz 
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JO SNIPBi UBSTA OY} 04 [eNbo ST s[LOd ey} Jo souv[d UBOT OY 
1990M4OQ SOULISIP OY} [10D IOTIIO UT OATM JO SIOAV] [VIOAOS 
O18 O10} UOYAA [100 JoqjIO Jo SnIpel oy} f7vy 0} [enboe 
SI JOUSVU OY} JO O1}UGD EY} WO1J [100 YOVE JO OOULISIP OY} 
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‘SHONVIVE §,NOSNOHL—ONILSOL 98 


Usk OF THE CoMPOSITE BALANCE. 
Composite Electric Balance.—This instrument has been designed for the purpose 
of providing in one piece of apparatus, the means of measuring— 
(1) The difference of potential between two points of an electric circuit, as, for instance, 
the difference of potential between the supply conductors of an electric-light installation. (2) The 
current flowing in such a circuit. (8) The rate of working in the circuit. The instrument 
thus forms a combined voltmeter, ampere-meter, and watt-meter. 


TESTING —-THOMSON’S BALANCES. 





SIR WM. THOMSON’S COMPOSITE ELEOTRIC BALANCE. 


: of the instrument is shown in the first figure, and the theoretical diagram 
in the second figure. Where a and 6 are two coils of silk covered copper wire fixed one above 


The general form 


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‘SUALUNLIOA DONILVUAITVO— ONILSAL YES 


TESTING—-CALIBRATING VOLTMETERS, 


83/ 


TABLE OF ELECTRO-CHEMICAL EQUIVALENTS OR GRAMMES DEPOSITED PER SECOND. 


Area of Cathode 
Square cedtinbtes per 
of Current 

50 
100 
150 
200 
250 
300 


Temperature, 
2° C. 


"0093288 
0003288 
0008287 
"0003285 
0005283 
"0003282 





Temperature, 
12° C. 


"0003287 
"0005284 
‘0003281 
"0003279 
‘0008278 
‘0003278 


Temperature, 
23° C. 








Grammes per Second. 


"0003286 
"0003283 
0003280 
0003277 
"0003275 
"0003272 


Temperature, ‘ 
“8° C. 


0003286 
0003281 
0003278 
0003274 
"0003268 
"0003262 








Temperature, 
35° C. 


0003282 
0003274 
"0003267 
0003259 3 
0003252 
0003245 





83m TESTING——CALIBRATING VOLTMETERS, 


TaBLe SHowine Gar at CATHODE IN GRAINS PER HOUR PER AMPERE OF CURRENT, WHEN 
THE TEMPERATURE AND CURRENT DENSITY PER SQUARE INcH Is KNOWN. 
| 
Cu deposited | Cu deposited | Cu deposited | Cu deposited | Cu deposited 





Square inches Current per Ampere per Ainpere per Ampere per Ampere per Ampere 
of Density per per hour per hour per hour per hour per hour 
Cathode per | Square Inch in Grains, in Grains, in Grains, in Grains, in Grains, 
Ampere. of Cathode. at at at at at 
Pal Ob 12°C. 23° C. 28° C. 35° C. 
77 13 18°266 18-261 18°256 18-256 18-233 
15°4 065 18°266 18°244 18°239 18-228 18°189 
23°1 045 18°261 18:228 18°222 18°211 18°150 
30°8 035 25 18-250 18°217 18°205 18-189 18°105 
38°5 0260 18:239 18-211 18°194 18-155 18-066 
46°2 “0217 | 18°233 


18-211 18°136 18°122 18-028 


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TESTING—RESISTANCE, 


101 


DIAL PATTERN. 





Dial Pattern.—In this form, the resistances are brought into circuit by 
introducing the plugs into the holes. It is therefore easier to read from 
than the Post-Office pattern. The infinite resistance plug (INF.) between 
2 and 4, or 1 and 1, must be removed when taking resistance by the Bridge 
method. 


TESTING—RESISTANCE. 


102 | 


‘THOMSON AND VARLEY’S SLIDES. 


Free for 
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‘SHIITVO CHNUAWANS NI SLTAVA 


‘SHIAVO NI SLTIAVA—DONILSEL 6ST 


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‘SHIGVO NI SLTAVI—ONLISEL | I9l 


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400 OMA 
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o- fhe ao m p)Jrncw nnn XL ewnand 
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‘SHTAVO NI SLIOVAI— PNILSIL ZOL 


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‘SUTaVO NI SLTIAVA— ONILSLL LOT 


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‘SHTAVO NI SLIQVA—DNILSAL 89L 


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‘g]nu10F OSpriq ouogsyvoy AA AG 


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‘SHTAVO NI SLTOVI—ONILSHL TT 


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‘“LHOIT OINLODID—DNILSTL 9LT 


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Ul YOY OJUL Po}LOAMOd ““q'yT ‘[Vol140eTe 9} =/( 


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acl 


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4 » 

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aou""LL 


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OM ‘SAOJOUIOUVA[VS ANOJ [[V’ UO SSUIPvEL SNOSULI[NUIIS 
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‘ales V 


“SUIT[O UL 10}BINWNIO® Jo ‘sol = 


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— §BHOLOAGNOD PNINIHDIT—DNILSTE ZST 


aaprse <a ‘sop dl. ‘get ‘22 Indy 
‘marnary 1002.0700/ ‘AOYOVOTT UIAPH “Oox) Aq 10990] COS 





ane =e eoue fy 
Meer ae 2 a ee A 
Iq-W-%yt+ tg -Y-YE= Sy = BABY OAL 
ey 4+ on =o aT 


‘(¢) uorenbo ut (¢) pur (F) suorzenba 
wory Sy pue ey AOF son[VA ot} Surynqiysqug | 


ea + Sq = ft (8) 
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Wg — t) - Ty = *q (F) couoy SY + Ta + 2 = Te (1) 


: punoy ore suoTzenbs SULMOT[OJ OY} ESOT} wos 
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pue % ‘soul SuIpedo] I10y} burprjour syyaea 19440 

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: ‘poulul 

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‘SYOLOOGNO00 DNINAHOII“ONIISAL SSI 


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6 380} WO1j Jos OM ‘[enboun oe ‘¢ ‘pue ‘vy ‘sue oy II 
‘poumbe. st uonme[noleo 

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‘pormbed YyIve OY} JO 90URISISEI OY SI Sq 





(°7 pee] Suyoe[Zou) 27 = tg ae Jo 
(on + 22) 6 = May — Fy 
om + 27 + Ty + = by ynq 
a=) — ty + Y= Oy 


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UGEOAJOG COUBISISEL JO OOUSTOYIP OY} AIS [[LA 480} SIT, 
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‘OHLAWY S,AOUAWOg “WT 


: af E cmampn@ 2h 3 2 Be ‘uo 
gee onan ee WL 


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— -opdunaigy 


‘SHOLONGNOD PNINLHDIT—PONILSaL PSI 
































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COPPER. 


CONDUCTORS -- 


195 


SpeciFIc RESISTANCE IN B. A.* Units oF METALS AND ALLOYS AT 0° CENTIGRADE FROM 
Dr. Marruisssen’s EXPERIMENTS.—See Report on Electrical Standards, by F. Jenkin, p. 227. 
























Dei in, |Oeeian.gd| Oe ~ ee Bak 4 Oiseau? 
se o¥alze shel See es | seas lake ser Ss 
SPLaSISE- SE SES“ g| Chg |\SORSEssiss 
Name of Metals. BE wae owal| BES Pa | sims |Bok 228s sed 
BSQo |B aS0h) 2894s | Glee |BESZaseues 
RSSF ies ePalas= Fal S@coe Sa mists es 
Silver, annealed. . “ e ° M-2214 0°1544 9°151 0:01957 $ 0°577 
» hard-drawn, . E : 0°2415 0°1680 9°936 0 02103 1:09 vas 
Copper, annealed, see p.189,_ . 0°2064 0°1440 9°718 0°02057 1:06 0:388 
a hard-drawn, . 2 . 0°2106 0°1469 9:940 0:02104 1:09 Sag 
Gold,annealed,. . . . 0°5849 0:4080 12°52 0:02650 | 1°38 0°365 
»  hard-drawn, . z : 0°5950 0°4150 12°74 0 02697 1:39 wee 
Aluminium, annealed, ‘. 5 0°1085 0:0757 17°72 0°03751 1°94 wath 
Zinc, pressed, . ; : ; 0 5831 04067 34°22 0°07244 375 0°365 
Platinum, annealed, . Aber) 2°810 1:96 55°09 0°1166 6°08 eee 





To convert resistance of wire 1 foot long, weighing 1 grain into resistance per knot, multiply 
by 5293°1, and divide by weight of copper per knot in lbs. 
_ *One B.A. unit equals 0:9889 legal ohm. See p. 14. The above numbers multiplied by 0°9889 
give legal vhms; or deduct 1:12 per cent. 


CONDUCTORS —COPPER, 


196 


SPECIFIC HESISTANCE 





In B. A. Units or METALS AND ALLOYS AT 0° CENTIGRADE, FROM 


Dr. MATTHIESSEN’S EXPERIMENTS. 


Oe. Oey ge 5} Oe .- u 
So Me Soned y ow os 
SPlasiseras/ S28 4 
Name of Metals. Era Pots! 2 FL Pa 
Za oo 1G a Bo bh 28 Onoc 
moses SFiS ag 
Tron, annealed, . é < é 1:097 0°7654 59°10 
Nickel, annealed, esdoce. “baat 1°535 1-071 75°78 
Tin, pressed, ; = . 5 1396 0°9738 80°36 
Lead, pressed, “ s 3°236 2°257 119°39 
Antimony, pressed, ° z 3°456 2°411 216°0 
Bismuth, pressed, se 42 a 18°64 13:03 798°0 
Mercury, liquid, . . : 5 18°72 13°06 578°6 
ea Sor ek al al alloy, hard oe: 4943 9-959 148°35 
; : Be aig : 
tGerman silver,hard or annealed,| 2°652 1°850 127°32 
eae et alloy, hard or ant 2391 1668 66°10 
9 . e e = e 


ee 


long, ] mm. 
in diameter. 


Res. of a 
wire 1 metre 


| 


01251 
0°1604 
01701 


02526 
04571 
1°689 

1°2247 
0°3140 


0°2695 
0°1399 





mate Com- 
parative 
Resistance. 


Approxi- 





Approximate 
percentage of 
variation in 
resistance per 
degree of tem 
perature at 208 








* The alloy used for B, A. resistance units, 2 parts platinum, | part silver, by weight. 
t+ The alloy commonly used for resistance-coils, 


/ 


CONDUOTORS—-COPPER. 


197 


RESISTANCE IN B. A.* Units or Wire 1 Foot Lone, WrEIcHING 1 GRAIN. 








Temperature. 
Soft Copper. Hard Copper. | German Silver.+ | Platinum Silver.t 
Cent. Fah 

0 32 0'2064 02106 2°652 

5 41 02102 0:2147 2°657 
10 50 0°2144 02188 2°661 
11 51°8 02153 0°2197 éee 
12 53 6 0°2161 0°2205 ee 
13 55°4 0°2170 0°2214 dee 
14 57°2 0:2178 0°2222 
15 59 0:2186 0°2231 2°666 
16 60°38 0°2194 0°2239 Sata 
17 62°6 0°2203 0°2248 wee 
18 64°4 02211 0°2256 eae 
19 66°2 0:2220 0 2265 che 
20 68 0°2228 0°2272 2°67 
21 698 0°2237 0 2283 a 
22 716 0:2242 0°2288 see 
23 73°4 0°2253 0°2299 ad 


: ( 
i | 

x One B. A. unit equals 0 9839 legal ohm. See p. 14. The above numbers multiplied by 0 9889 
give legal ohms; or deduct 1°12 per cent. 

tT Calculated from specific gravity 8°47. 

¢ Calculated from specific gravity 120. (Approximate values only.) 











CONDUCTORS—COPPER. 


198 


RESISTANCE In B. A.* Units oF Wire 1 Foot Lone, Weieutne 1 Grain—Continued. 








i] 

Temperature. 

J 

Soft Copper. Hard Copper. | German Silver.} | Platinum Silver.}] & 

asbaetas Cent. Fah. 

=H rt 

24 75°2 0°2262 0°2308 “ae eos 
25 77 02271 0:2317 2°675 4°27 
26 78'8 0:2279 09895 : in 
27 80°6 02287 0°2334 oe sis 
28 82°4 0°2296 0 2343 aes ae 
29 84:2 0:2305 0:2352 a ia 
30 86 0:2313 0'2360 2°68 4 28 
31 87°8 0°2322 0°2369 eee es 
32 896 0:2328 0°2375 eos ° 
33 91°4 02340 0:2388 S00 eo 
34 93°2 0°2348 0 2396 des —s 
35 95 0:2357 0°2405 2°684 4°28 
36 96°8 0'2365 0°2413 eee ° 
37 98'6 0°2376 0°2424 eos ° 
38 100°4 0°2383 0°2432 See ° 
39 102°2 0:2391 0°2440 Rex nee 
40 104 0:2400 0°2449 2°689 4°29 


* One B. A. unit equals 0'9889 legal ohm. See p.14. The above numbers multiplied by 0'9889 
give legal ohms; or deduct 1°12 per cent. 

t Calculated from specific gravity 8:47. 

t Calculated from specific gravity 12:0. (Approximate values only.) 


CONDUCTORS —COPPER. 


199 


RESISTANCE IN B.A. OHMS OF A KNot-POUND OF COPPER WIRE OF VARIOUS CONDUCTIVITIES, AT 75° Fan, 

















Percentage Percentage Percentage Percentage 
of Con- | Resistance] of Con- | Resistance] of Con- | Resistance! of Con- | Resistance. 
ductivity. ductivity. ductivity. ductivity. 
100°0 1196°7 98°7 1212°5 1228'6 9671 12453 | 
99°9 1197°9 98°6 12137 1229°9 96°0 1246'6 
99°8 1199°1 985 1214°9 1231:2 95:9 1247°9 
99°77 1200°3 98°4 1216-2 1282°5 95°8 1249°2 
99°6 1201°5 98:3 4217°3 1233°7 95°7 1250°5 
99°5 12027 98°2 1218°6 1235°0 95°6 1251°8 
99°4 1203°9 98:1 1219°9 1236-2 95°5 1253'1 
99°3 1205°1 98:0 1221-1 1237°5 95°4 12544 
99°2 1206°4 97°9 1222°4 1238°8 65°3 1255°7 
99°1 1207°6 97:8 1223°6 12401 95°2 1257:0 
99°0 1208°8 97°7 1224°9 1241°4 95°1 1258°4 
: 98°9 12100 97°6 12261 1242°7 95°0 1259°7 


98°8 97°5 94°9 









CONDUCTORS—COPPER. 


200 


RESISTANCE IN B.A. OnMs oF A Knot-PounD oF COPPER WIRE OF VARIOUS CONDUCTIVITIES, AT 75° FAH. 





Percentage 
of Con- 
ductivity. 


94°8 
94-7 
94°6 


94°5 
94°4 
94°3 


Resistance. 


Percentage 
of Con- 
ductivity. 


Resistance. 


Percentage 
of Con- 
ductivity. 


Resistance. 


1294°8 
12961 
1297°4 


1298°8 
130071 
1301°6 


1803°1 
1304'6 
1306°1 


1307°6 
1309°1 
1310°6 


Percentage 
of Con- 
ductivity. 


Resistance. 


CONDUCTORS—COPPER. 


201 


COEFFICIENTS FOR CORRECTING THE OBSERVED RESISTANCE OF PURE COPPER WIRE AT ANY 
TEMPERATURE TO 75° Fan —(Kempe.) See p. 193. 


Tempera- 
ture in 
Degrees 
Fah. 


Coefficient. 


Tempera- 
ture in 
Degrees 
Fah. 


Coefficient. 


Tem pera- 
ture in 
Degrees 
Fah. 


Coefficient. 


Tempera- 
ture in 
Degrees 
Fah. 





Coefficient. 


eB OP Ln | 


1:0000 


10011 
1/0021 
10032 
1:0042 
1:0053 
1:0064 
10074 
1:0085 
1:0096 
10106 
10117 
10128 
10139 
1:0149 
1:0160 
10171 
1:0182 


ee 


CONDUCTORS—COPPER. 


202 


CoEFFICIENTS FOR CORRECTING THE OBSERVED RESISTANCE OF PurRE CopPpER WIRE OF ANY 
TEMPERATURE TO 75° Faun.—Continued. See p. 193. 





Tempera- Tempera- Tempera- Tempera- 
ture in : ture in * ture in : ture in . 
Degrees Coefficient.| p, grees Coefficient. Degrees Coefficient.| p. erees Coefficient. 
Fah. Fah. Fah, 

66 1:0193 1:0389 48 1°0589 39 1:0793 
65°5 1:0204 1:0400 47°5 1:0601 38°5 1°0804 
65 1:0214 1:0411 47 1:0612 38 1°0816 
64°5 1:0225 1°0422 46°5 1:0623 37°5 1:0828 
64 - 10236 « 1°0433 46 1°0634 37 1:0839 
63°5 1°0247 1:0444 45°5 1:0646 36°5 1°0851 
63 i 1°0258 10455 45 1:0657 36 1°0862 
62'5 1:0269 1:0466 44°5 1:0668 35°5 1°0873 
62 1:0280 10478 44 1°0679 30 1°0885 
615 1:0290 1°0489 43°5 1:0690 34°5 1:0896 
61 1:0301 1:0500 43 1:0702 34 1:0908 
60°5 1:0312 1:0511 42°5 1:0714 33°5 1:0920 
60 1:0323- 1:0522 42 1°0725 33 1:0932 
59°5 10334 1°0533 41°5 1:0736 32°5 1:0943 
59 1:0345 10544 41 1°0748 32 1:0954 
58°5 1°0356 1°0556 40°5 1°0759 va os 

58 1-0367 1°0567 40 1:0771 aie ae 

575 1:0378 1:0578 39°5 1:0782 ne ee 





CONDUCTORS—COPPER. 


203 





LOGARITHMS OF COEFFICIENTS FOR CALCULATING COPPER RESISTANCE AT DIFFERENT 


0 


0°03918 


‘03827 


03736 
03644 
03553 


03462 
‘03371 
03280 


03189 


03098 
03007 
02916 


02824 
02733 
02642 
02551 
"02460 
02369 
02278 


02187 
‘02096 
02004 


* By Clark, Forde & Taylor. 


TEMPERATURES F'AH.* INCREASE 0°21 PER CENT. PER 1° F. 


+ 


003909 


03818 


03726 
03635 
03544 
03453 
03362 
03271 
03180 


03089 
02998 
02906 


‘02815 
02724 
"02633 
02542 
02451 
02360 


02269 


02178 
‘02086 
01995 


2 


0:03899 


‘03808 


03717 
03626 
03535 


03444 
03353 
03262 
03171 


03080 
02988 
"02897 


‘02806 
02715 
02624 


02533 
02442 
02351 
02260 
02168 
02077 
01986 


3 


0°03890 


‘03799 


03708 
03617 
03526 


03435 
03344 
03253 
03162 


‘03070 
‘02979 
02888 


02797 
02706 
02615 


°02524 
02433 
02342 


02250 


02159 
‘02068 
01977 





4 


0°03881 
03790 


03699 
"03608 
03517 


03426 
03335 
03244 


03152 


03061 
02970 
02879 


‘02788 
"02697 
02606 
02515 
02424 
02332 
02241 
02150 
02059 
01963 








9) 


003872 
03781 


03690 
03599 
03508 


03417 
03326 
03234 
‘03148 
03052 
‘02961 
‘02870 


02779 
‘02688 
02597 
02506 
02414 
°02328 
02282 
02141 


02050 
01959 








6 “ 
0.03863 | 0-03854 
03772 | -03763 
03681 | -03672 
03590 | -03581 
03499 | -03490 
03408 | -03398 
03316 | °03307 
03225 | -03216 
03134 | “03125 
03043 | -03034 
02952 | -02943 
02861 | -02852 
02770 | -02761 
02679 | -02670 
02588 | -02578 
02496 | -02487 
02405 | -02396 
02314 | -02305 
02223 | 02214 
02132 | -02123 
02041 | -02032 
01950 | -01941 








‘8 


0:03845 
03754 


03663 
03572 
03480 


03389 
03298 
03207 


03116 


03025 
02934 
02843 


*02752 
02660 
"02569 


‘02478 
02387 
"02296 


02205 


02114 
“02023 
01932 


For Rule and Example how to use Tables, see page 193. 





CONDUCTORS—COPPER. 


204 


LOGARITHMS OF COEFFICIENTS FOR CALCULATING CoPpPER RESISTANCE AT DIFFERENT 


0 


01913 


01822 
01731 


"01640 
01549 
01458 


‘01367 


01276 
01184 
"01093 


01002 
00911 
00820 


‘00729 
‘00638 
‘00547 
00456 


00364 
00273 
00182 


00091 


* By Clark, Forde & Taylor. For Rule and Example how to use Tables, see page 193. 


‘TEMPERATURES F'AH.* INCREASE 0°21 PER CENT. PER 1° F.—Continued. 


a 


01904 
01813 
01722 


01631 
01540 
01449 


"01358 
01266 


‘01175 
01084 


00993 
00902 
00811 


‘00720 
00629 
00538 
00446 
“00355 


00264 
00173 


00082 





2 





01895 
01804 
01713 


01622 
01531 
“01440 


01348 


01257 
01166 
01075 


00984 
00893 
"00802 


00711 
00620 


00528 
*00437 


00346 
00255 
00164 


00073 


3 





01886 
01795 
01704 


01613 
01522 
01430 
0133 

01248 


01157 
01066 


00975 
00884 
00793 


00702 
00610 
00519 
00428 


"00337 
"00246 
00155 


"00064 


4 


01877 


01786 
01695 


01604 
01512 
01421 


01330 


01239 
01148 
01057 


“00966 


00875 
00784 


‘00692 
00601 
00510 


00419 


00328 
C0237 
00146 


"00055 








9) 


‘00410 


00319 
00228 
00157 


"00046 


01868 


6 


01859 
01768 
01676 


01585 
01494 
01403 


01312 


01221 
01130 
01039 


00948 
00856 | 
00765 


"00674 
00583 
00492 


00401 


00310 
00219 
00128 


00036 





rt 


01850 
01758 
01667 


01576 
01485 
01894 


01303 
01212 
01121 
01030 
0093 8 


‘00847 
‘00756 


00665 
‘00574 
00483 


"00892 


00301 
00210 
00118 


00027 





‘8 


01840 
01749 
01658 


"01567 
01476 
01385 


‘01294 


‘01203 
01112 
‘01020 


00929 
00838 
00747 


"00656 
00565 
00474 
‘00383 


00292 
00200 
00109 


‘00018 


9 





01831 
01740 
01649 


01558 
"01467 
01376 


01285 


01194 
‘01102 
‘01011 
00920 
‘00829 
‘00738 


‘00647 
00556 
00465 


‘00374 


‘00282 
00191 
00100 


00009 





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CONDUCTORS—-ELECTRIC LIGHT. 


209 


Fusina Errects oF EvLEctrRic CuRRENTS. 
By W. H. Preece, F.R.S. See“ Proc. Roy. Soc.,” vol. xliv., March 15, 1888. 


The Law—C = ad3/2, where, C, current; a, constant; and d, diameter—is strictly followed; and the 
following are the final values of the constant, ‘‘a,” for the different metals as determined by Mr. Preece :— 


Inches. Centimetres. Millimetres. Inches. Centimetres. Millimetres. 
Copper, . . - 10,244 2,530 80:0 Tron, fz é . 93,148 777°4 24°6 
Aluminium, . - 7,085 1,873 59°2 Tin, . 3,642 405°5 12°8 
Platinum, . Ja BIZ 1,277 40°4 Alloy (lead and tin 
German Silver, . 5,230 1,292 40°8 2tol), . . 1,318 325°5 10°3 
Platinoid, ee: SY 65) 1,173 37° 1 Lead, . ete 340°6 10°8 


With these constants the two fo! lowing tables have been calculated: ~ 
TABLE SHOWING THE AMPERES REQUIRED TO FUSE WIRES OF VARIOUS SIZES AND MATEPIALS. 








Mee ie ee _| pate 
No. Diamete> : Copper. | Aluminium { Platinum. | Ger. Silver.| Platinoid. Tron Tio. Lead, . 
8, W.G. d qa a= 10,244| @=7585. | a=5172. | a2 5250. | q— 4759. | a 3148, } a= 1642, i ie a= 1379. 








{ 
Inches. é 

14 0:080 0°022627 | 231°8 171°6 117°0 118°3 107°5 1i-92 37°15 29°82 31°20 
i 
\ 
} 
| 
! 





16 | 0:064 0:016191 | 165°8 | 122°8 83°73 84°68 76°90 | 50°96 | 26°58 | 21°34 |. 22°32 
18 07048 , 0°010516 | 107-7 19°TS 54°37 54°99 49°95 | 33:10 1727 13°86 14°50 
20 | 0:036 41-99 9°002 | 9:419 
7692 6175 | 6°461 
5357 4°300 | 4°499 
3°965 3°183 3°330 
2°956 | 2°378 | 2°483 


| 0006831 | 69°97 | 5118 35°33 35°72 32°44 | 21°50 
22 | 0:028 | 0004685 | 48°00 | 35°53 24°23 24°50 22°25 | 14°75 

4 | 0:022 | 0°003263 | 33°43 | 24°75 16°88 17°06 15°50 | 10:27 
26 | 0-018 | 0°002415 | 24°74 | 18°32 12°49 12°63 11°47 7602 | 
28 | 0:0148 | 0:001801 | 18-44 | 13°66 9°311 9°416 8552 | 5667 
30 | 00124 0°001881 | 14715 | 10°47 77142 7°222 6°559 | 4°347 | 2-267 | 1°820 | 1904 
3 00108 | 0:001122 | 11°50 | . 8512! 5°805 5°870 5-330 | 3533 | 1-843 | 1479 1-548 | 


Note.—VLhe size of ‘cut outs” or fuses for electric lighting circuits can be taken at once from the second 
table. Pure copper wire makes the bestand most reliable cut out or fuse, and should never be less than 
1 inch in length between the terminals to which it is fixed so as to prevent the cooling effect of the ter- 
minals.—A. J. 


CONDUCTORS---ELECTRIC LIGHT. 


210 


TABLE GIVING THE DIAMETERS OF WIRES OF VARIOUS MATERIALS WH 





Current 


in 
amperes. 


Copper. 


£5 10,244. 


0°00z1 
0°0034 
0°0044 
0°0053 
0:0062 
0:0098 
0°0129 
0°0156 
0:0181 
0°0205 
0°0227 
0°0248 
0°0268 
0°0288 
0°0325 
0°0360 
0°0394 
0°0426 
0°0457 
0°0516 
0°0572 
0°0625 
0°0676 
0°0725 
00784 
0°0841 
0°0897 
0°0950 


Aluminium 


@ = 7585. 


0°0026 
0°0041 
0°0054 
0°0065 
0°0076 
0°0120 
0°0158 
0°0191 
0°0222 
0°0250 
0°0277 
0°0303 
0°0328 


0°0352 


0°0397 
0°0440 
0°0481 
0°0520 
00558 
0°0630 
0°0698 
0°0765 
0°0826 
0°0886 
00958 
01028 
0°1025 
01161 


Platinum. 
a = 5172. 


~ 00033 


00053 
00070 
00084 
00098 
0-0155 
00208 
00246 
0-0286 
00323 
00358 
00391 
0:04.23 
0°0454 
00513 
0:0568 
00621 
00672 
0:0720 
0-0814 
00902 
00986 
01066 
071144 
01237 
01327 
0°1414 
01498 





ICH WILL — Fusep By A CURRENT OF GIVEN 
STRENGTH.—W. H. Preece, F.R.S. d= (=) &, 
a 


DIAMETER 1N INCHES. 


Ger. Silver. 
a= 5220. 


0°0033 


00053 
00069 
0°0084 
00097 
00154 
0°0202 
0°0245 
(0284 
0°0520 
0:0356 
0°0388 
0°0420 
0°0450 
0°0509 
0°0564 
0°0616 
0°0667 
0°0715 


0°0808 - 


0°0895 
0°0978 
0°1058 
0°1135 
0°1228 
0°1317 
0°1404 
0°1487 


Platinoid. 


0°0035 


0°0056 
0:0074 
0:0089 
0:0104 
0°0164 
0°0215 
0°0261 
0°0303 
0°0342 
0:0379 
0°0414 
00448 
0°0480 
0°0542 
0°0601 
0°0657 
00711 
0:0762 
0:0861 
0:0954 
0°1043 
0°1128 
0:1210 
01309 
0°1404 
01497 
071586 


Iron. 


a = 3148. 


0°0047 
0°0074 
0:0097 
0:0117 
0°0136 
0°0216 
0°0283 
0°0345 
0°0398 
00450 
0:0498 
0:0545 
0°0589 
0°0632 
0°0714 
0:0791 
00864 
0°0935 
0°1003 
0°1153 
0°1255 
0°1372 
071484 
0°1592 
0°1722 
0°1848 
0°1969 
0°2086 


Tin. 
6 oO 


a = 1642. 


0°0072 
0:0113 
0°0149 
00181 
0°0210 
0°0334 
0°0457 
0°0529 
00614 
0°0694 
0:0769 
0°0840 
0°0909 
0°0975 
0°1101 
0°1220 
0°133 

0°1443 
0°1548 
0°1748 
0°1937 
0°2118 
0°2291 
0°2457 
0°2658 
0°2851 
0°303 

0°3220 


Tin-lead alloy 
= 1318. 
0:0083 
0°0132 
0°0173 
0°0210 
0°0245 
0:0386 
0°0506 
0:0613 
00711 
0°0805 
0°0890 
0°0978 
0°1052 
0°1129 
0°1275 
0°1415 
0°1544 
0°1671 
0°1792 
0°2024 
0°2245 
0°2452 
0°2652 
0°2845 
0°3077 
0°3301 
0°3515 
0°3728 


—_—_— 


Lead. 


@ = 1379. 


0°0081 
0°0128 
00168 
0°0203 
0°0236 
0°0375 
0°0491 
0°0595 
0°0690: 
0°0779 
0-0864 
0°0944 
01021 
0°1095 
0°1237 
0°1371 
0°1499 
0°1621 
0°1739 
0°1964 
0°2176 

02379 

0°2573 

0°2760 

0°2986 

0°3203 

0°3413 

0°5617 


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‘(peq Ato sseyun) speey poyernsut 043 Yyoq utr 


f 


‘LHOIT OLMLOWTA—s0100aN00° C1z 


‘SOLIOG Ut sdurvry 
wmoyskg Saidnoip O1OUL IO OAT, JO To|[eVIlvg 





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pasoddns ynvf ,.7.4va-ppap ,, » asvn00) OF, (°§) 


‘LHOIT OLYLOa1IA—SAOLINAINOD 91G 


e 


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09 2.l0day 99G =*JaMOd SUTIO}S PoT[vo-o8 ITT se 
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oY} WOIZ JUoIINd sTOYM oY} Sesnvo ‘yueosepud 
“ur sdurey oy} Jepuer 03 poatnbor geyy soyovos 
qt uoyM “YOM “AW sJojuNO0D ev oqer10MIES 
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ou} 4SAy qe oroym “qa ‘sor1eqq4eq Arepuodas 
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‘poov[dort ol SOYdqIMS OIJOUSLUL-OIJOOTO Oso], 


‘SUTMALLVG AUVANOOUY HLIM WHESAG DNIZAONY 





"[ley ureyy Jo Aue 
phoys “yrnoa1o oyut sdurey jo yas 10 durey ysoaz 
% SUIIG 0} SOOTAOpP OIJOUSeUT-OAJOOTO soqeqISsoDu 
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aoe] @ Jo syTupe ‘uoyYStg ye “LoD puowurryyT 
ey? Aq poqdope se,.‘uaqshs Sutdnois,, oy, 


‘LHOII OIALOWIE—SYOLOAGNOO v9 TZ 


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‘T1z ‘dd ‘*og 9 JOyvyAIY AA = ,, ‘ABA JO UOIsstum 


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peamnbea Aqyuenb oy woym ‘soueudp oy} woz 
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‘jeTTered ut poutof oq yore ysnu squewosuVIIe 
eAoqe oy} YIM posn soutvudAp oe10W JO OMY 
oY} JO ‘s[loo quNYS oY4 sv [[oM SB ‘STIOD SOLOS 
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ore souvudp punodwoo 10 gunys oM4 UOT AA 


‘WHISAG GULA\-TAUHT, NOSNIMAOP-NOSIA 





‘“LHDIT OLULOATA—SaHOLOOGNOD 291 


CONDUCTORS—ELECTRIC LIGHT. 


217 


ELECTRIC LIGHT AND POWER CONDUCTORS. 


DIAMETERS, WEIGHTS, NEAREST BRITISH STANDARD WIRE GAUGE, AND RESISTANCES OF 1,000 FERT 
OF COPPER CONDUCTOR OF DIFFERENT SECTIONAL AREAS, WITH CURRENT IN AMPERES, AND 
THE CONSTANT, C2/746. CoNnDUCTIVITY, 95 PER CENT. OF PurE Coprer. 'TEMPERATURE, 60° 
Fau,—By E. W. Brecxinesa.e, C.E.—7he Electrical Review, Sept. 22, 1883, 







Board of 
Trade New Exact | Exact | Weights, Resistance, 2 
apes mee Diameter. |S.-Area| 1,000 Feet. 1,000 Feet. Current) 02/746 
Wire Gauge. 
Near- 
est | meter. 
Nos. Ins. Inches. Sq. in Ibs. Tons. Ohins. Reciprocals. sAmperes. 
1:1284 1-00 3854 2 1°7206 00853 117-23 1000 1340°5 
1:0705 90 38468°7 1°5485 00948 105°52 900 1085°8 
1:0093 80 3083 3 13765 “01066 93°789 800 857°91 
94407 70 26980 1°2044 01218 82:°065 700 656°84 
90972 65 2505°2 11184 "01312 76°203 650 566°35 
87404 60 2312°5 1:0324 °01422 70°341 600 482°57 
$3682 ‘DO 21198 "94633 *01551 64°479 550 405°49 
79787 ‘50 | 19271 | “86030 f “01706 | 58617 J 500 335°12 
‘77768 475 f 1850°7 *$1728 ‘01796 55 687 475 302°44 
"75694 450 § 17844 "T7427 01896 52°756 450 271°44 
*73562 425 # 163880 73126 "02007 49°825 425 242°13 
‘71365 ‘400 1541-7 *68824 02133 46°895 400 214°48 





218 


CONDUCTORS—ELECTRIC LIGHT, 


Evectric Ligut AnD PowER ConpucTors—Continued, see p. 22) 


——— = 














Board of | 
a kd Exact | Exact Weights, 
Standard Diameter. |S.-Area 1,000 Feet. 
Wire Gauge. 
Near- | Dia- 
est | meter. 
Nos. Ins. Inches. Sq in lbs Tons. 
69099 375 1445°3 64522 
66756 3850 1349 0 60221 
64328 325 1252°6 50919 
61803 300 1156°2 51618 
59173 275 1059°9 47316 
56417 250 63°54 43015 
53524 225 867°18 38713 
7/0 | °500 50463 200 770°80 34412 
6/0 | 464 "47204 175 674°48 *30111 
5/0 45 *43706 "150 578'12 "25809 
4/0 400 "39-94 125 481°77 *21508 
3/0 372 *35682 "100 385°42 “17206 
2/0 | °348 33851 ‘090 346°87 15485 
0 B24 °31916 “080 30833 ' °13765 
1 300 °29854 070 269°S0 *12044 
1 300 28768 065 250°52 "11184 


Resistance, 


Current 


1,000 Feet. 
Ohms. Reciprocals. }Amperes. 
02275 45°963 375 
02437 41°033 30 
02625 38°102 325 
02843 35°171 300 
03102 32°240 275 
‘03412 29°308 250 
03791 26°378 225 
04265 23°447 200 
04874 20°516 175 
05687 17°585 150 
06824 14°654 125 
08530 | 11723 | 100 
09478 10°552 90 
‘10662 9°3789 80 
12185 8:2065 70 
13123 7°6203 65 


2/746 


188'51 
16421 
141°59 


120°64 


101°37 
§3°780 
67861 
55°619 


41053 
30°161 
20°945 


13'405 


10°858 
85791 
6°5684 
5°6634 





CONDUCTORS=ELECTRIC LIGHT. 


219 


Exectric Light AND Power Conpuctors—Continued, see p. 221. 








Board of 
Trade New Exact Exact Weights, Resistance 
5 Jo Diameter. |S.-Area 1,000 Feet. 1,000 Feet. Curren coset ee 
ndard 
Wire Gauge. 
Near-| Dia- * 
est | meter. 

Nos. Ins. Inches. Sq. in. Ibs. Tons. Ohms. Reciprocals. {Amperes. 
2 *276 *27640 °060 231 25 10324 14217 70341 60 4°8257 
3 "252 °26462 055 211°98 "09463 "15509 64479 £15) 4°0549 
3 *252 25232 "050 192°71 03603 "1,060 58617 50 3°9512 
3 *252 "24592 0475 183°07 ‘08173 17958 5'5687 47°5 3°0244 
3 "252 23937 *0450 173 44 ‘07743 18955 5°2756 45 2°7144 
4 | °232 *23262 "0425 163°80 07313 *20070 4°9825 42°5 2°4123 
4 232 °22567 0400 15417 06882 213825 4°6895 40 21448 
+3) 212 21851 0375 -144°53 "06452 22746 43963 37°5 1°8851 
5 *212 21110 0350 134:90 “06022 24371 41033 35 16421 
5 212 20342 0325 125 26 "05592 26246 3°8102 32°5 14159 
6 "192 "19544 “0300 115°62 05162 28483 35171 30 1°2064 
6 "192 18712 0275 105°99 04732 *31018 32240 275 1:0137 
7 176 17841 "0250 96°354 "04302 *34120 2°9308 25 *83780 
vf 176 “16925 "0225 86°718 ‘03871 37911 2:6378 22°5 ‘67861 
8 "160 "15958 "0200 77 080 03441 42649 2°3447 20 "53619 
9 "144 *14927 0175 67°448 03011 48742 2°0516 175 41053 
9 144 "13819 0150 57°812 *02581 "56866 1:7585 15 30161 





220 


CONDUCTORS—ELECTRIC LIGHT. 


Exxctric Licut anD PowEr Conpuctrors—Continued, see p. 221. 


Board of 
Trade New 
Legal 


Standard 
Wire Gauge. 
Near-| Dia- 

est | meter. 
Nos. Ins. 

10 128 

1l "116 

12 | -104 

12 "104 

13 092 

13 092 

14 | :080 

15 072 

15 ‘072 

16 "064 

16 064 

17 | 056 

18 | -048 

19 040 

20 ‘036 

a 






Exact Exact 
Diameter. |S.-Area 










48177 
38°542 
34687 
30°833 
26'980 
93-125 
19-271 


17344 
15°417 
13°490 


11°562 


9°6354 
71084 
5°7812 
3°8542 
34687 





Weights, 
1,000 Feet. 


Tons. 


02151 
01721 


01549 


01376 
01204 
_ 01032 


00860 


‘00774 
00688 
‘00602 


00516 


00430 
00344 
00258 


00172 


00155 
00188 






















Resistance 
To0e-Hect. ..prurent 

Ohms. Reciprocals. fAmperes. 

*68239 1°4654 12°5 

"85299 11723 10 

94776 1:0552 9 
1:0662 *93789 8 
1:2185 *82065 7 
14217 “70341 6 
17060 | ‘s86l7 | 5 
1°8955 *52756 4°5 
-2°1825 "46895 4 
2°4371 41033 3°5 
2°8433 35171 3° 
3°4119 29308 2°5 
4°2649 *23447 2° 
5 6866 "17&85 15 
8°5299 11723 1 
9°4776 *10552 9 

10-662 09379 °8 











C2/746 


20945 
13405 


‘10858 


°08579 
"06568 
04825 
*03351 


02714 
02145 
01642 
01206 
00838 
00536 
00502 


"00134 


00109 
00086 







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-OS10OY oY} OAIS ‘soouvysisor on} Aq pordyjnu 
“opl/.D “queystoo oY} JopuN sqzUeTOyjeoo ol], 


*peimnbei souvysisor oyeurxoidde oy} punoj oq 
[[LM oytsoddo AyQoexe ‘UUINTOOD SsUIyO eY4 UI USA 
‘UUINTOO [wooadtoed UI AoquInu Sutpuodseit0o oy 
IO} SUTYOO] pu ssouvysiser oatzosdso1 OY} JO s[vo 
-oidioer oy} Surppe Aq punoj oq ATIpvat uvd SozIs 
quoJeyIp JO symoato Jo puvays Aue jo a0wngsrsou 
pourguod oy sjeooadioeyy Jo uUIN[OO oY} WOT 

‘qo0j sod 
"CT 600. ‘ITM LT "ON JO pure * ST OGT.T St Pore 
-"008 &, OITA JO OOF V JO JYSTIOM OY} “SNYZ : OITA\ JO 
q00} tod 4yS1om oY} 10f gFoT O49 09 Soov[d soryy 
SUUIN[OO S}USIOM UT quod [eUIDEp oY} IACT 


(‘10 ‘@ ‘apn ¢,wosarumne sag) *swo1D))DISUL 2) DUS 
Lof yonuLouosa pun afps st ayns sty, “LOJONpUO/) 
ay} Jo vere TeuoTjoes yout saenbs sod sosedure 
OOOTL JO Siseq 944 UO SI—JUeLINgQ—UUINjOO oy], 


‘Ye T 09 32 seddoo oand Jo yooF orqno 
AO JO JYSIOA ot]} oq 04 Woyeg ST Sq] Egg £ SUTvIO 
QOT Surystem aoddoo poreeuue ound jo sowout 
OOT JO "YRAT .09 ¥¥ OOURZSISOA OY} ST “MOSSOTy}4e NN] 
‘IQ, 0} SuIpsoooe “yor “WYO QTGT. St sefqey 
Sutpoooid oy} 10j oouvystsayy Jo paepucyzg oT, 


*LIVIT OINLOATA —SUOLOOGNOD 1Z3 











96-4 006 86-8 96 
6F-P O6T 8P-6 06 
PL-b OST ¥0.01 ¢8 
GO OLT 99 OT 08 
£&-¢ OoL LE-11 GL 
89-¢ OST ST-ZL OL 
60-9 OFT CL&L | go 
99.9 OST 6G-FL 09 
IL-2 a | 1¢-SL gg 
GLL OIT 90-LT 0g 
69-8 00T 96-81 cP 


ee ee 


‘4s0[ ASI0UG , 
Jo osvyued10g POA | 


‘yso[ AS10U : 
JO 9de]Ued10g SHOA 








‘ro0LOna 
-NOO dO LOGE OOO'L HYOOUHL ‘sq 
INGUGIIIG LV ‘SUTAV], ONIGHOAUG AHL NI 
SINTUYAD THL A LSOT AVYANGY AO TOVINTOULG 


‘“LHDIT O1ULOaTaA— SUOLOAGNOO GGG 


CONDUCTORS—ELECTRIC LIGHT, 


223 


DIMENSIONS OF Cross SEcTION OF RouND WIRE, WITH RESISTANCE, CONDUCTIVITY, AND 
WEIGHT OF PURE CoPPER WIRE. 


By J. T. Bortomiry, M.A., F.R.S.E. (From Electrical Review, 8rd November, 1883). 









% ; 
No. on New Diameter. Area of cross | Pure Copper Wire (soft drawn) | weight of wire 
















Board of section. at 15° Cent. or 59° Fah. Sp. gr. 8°90. 
Trade wire 

gauge, or Square 3 De 

S.W.G. Inch. Centimetres. | Centimetres. 0! Resistance Conductivity | Grms. per metre, 









hms per metre.|Metres per ohm. 





Ce ee ee 







7/0 500 1:270 1:267 000135 74021 1127-4 
6/0 "464 1178 1:090 000157 6370 970°2 
5/0 °432 1°097 945 000181 5521 840°8 







4/0 “400 1:016 ‘811 000211 4736 721°3 
3/0 372 945 ‘701 000244 4098 624°2 
2/0 "348 *884 "613 000279 3584 545°9 









0 324 823 "532 000322 3107 473°2 
1 300 762 °456 "000375 2666 406°1 








* From this column the size of‘wire required to carry a certain current for incandescent lighting can easily 
be found, according to Sir William Thomson’s rule for bare copper—viz., not less than 1 square centimetre 
per 50 amperes. This appears to us tobe too liberal an allowance of copper for well insulated ship leads. For 
example, No, 20 wire of 96 per cent. conductivity will carry 1 ampere without danger of over-heating, and 
may be used for 1 Edison 16-candle lamp, taking ‘7 amperes when length of forward and branch wires do 
not exceed 20 feet with perfect safety. For main leads on board ship, where the length is not great, a safe 
rule will be 1 sauare centimetre of 96 per cent. conductivity copper wire per 150 amperes. 


»CONDUCTORS—ELECTRIC LIGHT. 


294 


DIMENSIONS oF Cross Section oF RounD WIRE, WITH RESISTANCE, CONDUCTIVITY, AND 
WEIGHT OF Pore CoprpeR WiRE—Continued. 





* 
P Cc Wire (soft drawn 
Ngonser | niamster, | Arango | Purcopet Tice ethane) | wile ot ie 
PE Rae WAT Mi eens Sn fe : AGE Sn 8 Bor eR Se trae : 
e, quare 
W.G.. _ Inch. Centimetre. | Centimetre. pints we cee. Meteo ner ohn. Grms. per metre. | 

2 276 ‘701 *386 000444 2253 343 2 

3 *252 640 322 000532 1881 286°5 

4 232 "589 273 "000628 1592 242°5 

5 “212 538 228 “000751 1331 202°7 

6 192 488 187 "000916 1092 166°3 

7 176 447 °157 ‘00109 917°8 139°8 

8 "160 *406 "130 00132 7572 115°3 

9 144 366 105 "00163 614°9 Hate | 

10 "128 325 0829 "00206 484°6 738 

il 116 295 "0682 00251 398'°3 60°7 

12 104 264 0548 °00312 BDU 488 

13 "092 "234 "0429 00398 250°6 38°2 

14 080 *203 \ "0324 "00528 189'°5 289 

15 072 183 0263 00651 153°5 23°4 

16 064 163 0208 00824 121°3 18°5 

17 056 142 0159 0108 92:7 141 


CONDUCTORS—-ELECTRIC LIGHT, 


225 


DivEensions OF Cross Section oF Rounp WIRE, WITH RESISTANCE, CONDUCTIVITY, AND 
WEIGHT OF PurRE CoppER WIRE—Continued. 





* ; 
cr £ : Pure Copper Wire (soft drawn 2 A 
‘ere squeak Andon” | alo Gunt. orb Fale | eee 
Trade wire ‘ 
uge, uare . se ; 
WG. Inch. Centimetre. Gavtiaetin Ghinee week Met pee Grms. per metre. | 
18 048 122 0117 0147 68:2 10°4 
19 040 1016 OO8LL 0211 47°4 719 
20 036 0914 00657 0260 88°4 5°84 
21 032 0813 00519 0330 30°3 4°62 
22 028 0711 00397 0431 23°2 3°54 
23 024 0610 00292 0587 17°05 2°60 
24 022 0559 00245 0698 14°32 218 
25 020 0508 00203 0845 11°84 1:80 
26 018 0457 00164 104 9°59 1°46 
27 0164 0117 00136 125 797 1°21 
28 0148 _ 03876 00111 154 6°48 0988 
29 013 "0345 “000937 "183 5°46 834 
30 "0124 "0315 ‘000779 *220 4°55 *693 
31 0116 0295 000682 251 3:98 607 
32 ‘0108 “0274 000591 290 3°45 *526 
33 0100 0254 000507 338 2:96 451 








CONDUCTORS -ELECTRIC LIGHT. 


226 


Dirensions oF Cross SEcTION oF Kounp WIRE, Witt ResIsTANCE, CONDUCTIVITY, AND 
WEIGHT OF PurE Coprpgr WIRE—Continued. 


ne 














a a : r ee ceoza | Pere Copper Wire (soft drawn) | ywoioht of wir 
a, ig Diameter. ssa Se at 15° Cent. or 59° Fah. Sp er. eo. 
Trade wire enced 
auge, qd si tivit i F 
WC. Inch. Centimetre. | Centimetre. ae ee aes a Poa e 8 Grms. per metre 
84 0092 0234 000429 398 2°51 382 
390 "0084 0213 000358 “478 2°09 318 
36 0076 0193 000293 585 171 260 : 
37 0068 0173 000234 730 1:37 “208 
38 "0060 0152 "000182 943 1:06 "10% 
39 "0052 0132 -000137 1248 “801 | "122 
40 0048 0122 oooul7,—s«|s(-466 682 ian; 
41 0044 0112 "0000982 1:742 574 0874 
42 0040 "0102 "0000811 2°109 474 0721 
43 0036 "00914 "0000656 2°611 383 "0584 
44 0032 00813 "0000519 3°300 303 0462 
45 "0028 00711 "0000397 4°310 232 0353 
46 "0024 "00610 "0000292 5°848 ‘171 0260 
47 0020 "00508 0000203 8°475 118 0180 
48 "0016 00406 “0000129 13°23 ‘076 ‘O115 
49 0012 00305 "0000073 23°42 043 0065 
50 0010 00254 “00000507 33°78 030 00451 





CONDUCTORS-~-ELECTRIC LIGHT. 


TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE DIMENSIONS OF PURE CoPPER WIRE AT 60° F, 
By Walter T. Glover & Co., Manchester. 









Weight and Length. Length and Resistance. {Resistance & Weight. 


ee : 
ee 









e pp a . 
2S ane jaf oa 
ski do Ids 
Spx | 8S [gah 
=} a= a) 
o!| oF [ose 
AS eee BASS 


ee | Fe _ §—_———_ 










91°52 §1°640|546°76|2886-9/5528°1f-000171) ° : : 0001 
73°165}1 311)/437°10|2307-9|2660°74-000214 ° ; : 


58°573)1°050 349'93 1847°6|2130°0;-000268) ° 3918°56 


°817/272°43|1438°4/1658°3}-000344| ° ; . 2375°18 
40-867 °732)244°15}1289°1]1486°1):000384| “128 | “67 | °78 § °00052 | 1907°59 
33°989] *609}203°06/1072'1/1236 0;-000462/ *154 | ‘81 | ‘94 | °00076 | 1319°50 


28-701} °514/171-46] 905-3/1043°71-000547| “182 | -96 |1-11 | -00106 940°844 
24°523) °439|146'51| 7786] 891°8;-000640} -213 | 1:13 |1°30 § °00145 686°911 
20°88 | °374|124°74| 658-6) 759°3)-000752| *250 | 1°32 1°52 fF 00201 497 96 


16°417} -294| 98°08] 517°8| 597°0j-000956} °319 | 168 {1°94 § 00325 307°822 
13°794] °247) 82°41) 4351] 501°6}-001137] °379 | 2°00 |2°31 Ff °00460 217°343 
11°098} -199| 66°30} 35071) 403-6]-001414) 471 | 2°49 |2°87  § “00711 140°689 


6114°24 



















ODN AUP Od 









* S. W. G. means the new Board of Trade or British Standard Wire Gauge, put in force 
March, 1884. See Index for Dimensions, &e. 


+ TaBLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE DIMENSIONS OF PURE CoPPER WIRE AT 60° F. 
By Walier T. Glover & Co., Manchester. 


Diameter. Area, Weight and Length. Length and Resistance. Resistance & Weight. 
——$—— — ft ee 
On| o, w 3 = oa 5 uo] s | © (#8 ae 
doles Bo a4 BEok| go Sad Zed a: eo | @a | 2g le a se 
S |ES/8s|/S2S]s5| ss sah lagm] Be | eS | Fa | Bay ef £5. Aza 
sxe?) od ote O Su ri (or) are bond 
B [Ra]ae are og) oy ees Cok] Og [oe | og | oR] SE | Me 
: r¥ roy 





"134 |3°40 [0141| 9°098 | -163) 54°35) 287-0\330°8 [-001725| °575) 3°03) 3°50 | °01058 | 94543 § 10 


‘12 3°05 ['0113) 7°296 § -131) 43:59] 230°1|265°3 [-002151| °717) 3°78) 4:3 01645 | 60°804 ff 11 |) 
"109 |2°77 40093] 6-020 | -108| 35-96] 189°9;218°9 ]-002607| °869| 4°59) 5-29 | °02416 | 41392 f 12 / 
“095 |2°41 (0071) 4°573 9 °082| 27°32) 144°2/166°3 [-003431| 1°144, 6°04) 6°96 | 04187 | 23°884 § 13 | 


-083 '2°11 4:0054| 3°491 § -062) 20°85) 110°1}126°9 }-004495] 1-498) 7°91) 9°12 § °07186 | 13°916 § 14 
"072 11°83 }-0041| 2°486 f -047| 15°69] 82:8] 95°5 f-005974 1:991) 10°51)12°12 | °12679 | 7887 § 15 }- 
065 |1°65 (0033) 27141 | -038) 12°79) 67°5 77°8 007830] 2°443) 12°90/14°87 § “19104 | 5234 9 16 } 
‘N58 |1-47 50026 1:704 } -030| 10-18] 53°8| 62:0 [-009206] 3-069| 16°20|18°68 | -80135 | 3318 | 17 | 
“049 |1:24 {0019} 1-217 | -022| 7-27) 38:4] 44-2 [012898] 4:299) 22°70/26°17 | °59157 | 1690 § 18 | 
‘042 |1-:07 [-0014| °894 | 016) 5°34) 28°2) 32°5 §-017556) 5°852) 30°90/35°62 | 1°09596 912 4 19 
‘035 | ‘89 [0010] °621 | -011) 3:71) 19°6) 22°6 [-025281) 8-427) 44°49)51°29 | 2°:27254 440 § 20 


‘032 | ‘81 [0008] °519 | 009) 3°10) 16:4) 18°9 f-030243/10°081} 53°23/61°36 | 3°25229 307 fj 21 





‘CONDUCTORS=--ELECTRIC LIGHT. 





228 


‘TABLE SHOWING THE RELATIVE DIMENSIONS OF PURE CoPpPpER WIRE AT 60° F. 
By Walter T. Glover & Co., Manchester. 


—_.-_ —_———_——-"" 


























Diameter. Length and Resistance. Resistance & Weight. 
ra , 3 A A 
it r Par no mn ne? n bar n ® 
g Z SEECESECES 23 | 25 
‘s A @ (ake lees 65 | os 
s is es ES a Se fi oh aah 
fa ray 
= 028 007| 2°37 | 12°5 | 14°4 [-039502)13°167| 69°52) 80°15] 5°54848 "180 } 22 
= 025 006} 1°89 | 10°0 | 11°5 ('049551/16°517| 87°21/100 54} 8°73038 114 23 
} 022 004! 1°46 78 8°9 §°063986/21°329/112°62|129°839 14°5579 "069 =| 24 
ae "020 004} 1°21 6°4 74 $:077424/25°E08/136°26)157°099 21°3142 "047 «J 25 
a 018 003} ‘98 5°2 6°0 [:095584/31°86 1]168°23/193°949 32°4863 "051 26 
= 016 002} ‘77 41 4-7 $°120974/40°325/212°91) 245-46 52-0367 019 27 
=) 014 002} °59 31 3°6 §°158007|52°669|278°09/320°604 88°7724 ‘O11 28 
s 013 001; ‘dl 27 3°1 §°183250)|61°083/322°52|371°814119°404 008 | 29 
5 “012 001} °43 2°3 2°6 #'215065/71°688/378°51/436°37)164°462 006 | 30 





Pure CoprER weighs 555 lbs. per cubic foot. The resistance of one mil-foot at 60° Fah. is, 
according to Dr. Matthiessen, 10°32311 ohms. Upon these data the above table has been 
calculated. ‘ 

me STRANDED WIREs.—A Stranded Conductor of a given length is of greater weight and has a less 
Gl resistance than an equal length of the same number of wires unstranded. 


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*‘SHNIT IVINDVY—SUOLOOGNOD C&S 


236 


CONDUCTORS—AERIAL LINES. 


- ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES OF ANNEALED IRON WIRE. 
By W. H. Preece, F.R.S. 


No.1. Swedish Charcoal Iron, very softand pure. | No. 5. Best Puddled Iron. 
» 2 Swedish Charcoal Iron, good for P. O. » 6 Bessemer Steel, special soft quality, 0°15 


specification. 


carbon. 
» & Swedish Charcoal Iron, not suited for » %. Bessemer Steel, special hard quality, 0°45 


P. O. specification. 


carbon, 


» 4 Swedish Siemens-Martin Steel,010carbon.| ,, 8. Best Cast Steel. 





No. of Samples. 1 
Carbon, . ° : E 0°09 
Silicon, < s ° . trace 
Soqrmbnr, -. <<, 2s «|. trace 
Phosphorus, . . ° 0°012 
Manganese, e . ° 0°06 
Copper, . « : = . trace 
Iron, . : : |. oaG0 

Ibs. 


Ohm-mile at 60° Fah., . | 4,546 


0°10 
trace 
0°022 
0:045 
0°03 
trace 
99°70 


lbs. 


4,502 





re = | ee ee | ee ee | ee | ee ee | ee Se | rr | er eee 


0°15 0°10 0°10 015 0°44 0°62 
0018 | trace 0:09 0°018 0-02 0:06 
0°019 0:035 0 03 0.92 07126 0074 
0:058 0 034 0°218 0:077 0°103 0°051 
0°234 0324 0°234 0°72 1:296 1:584 
trace trace 0015 trace trace | trace 
99°44 99°60 99°11 98:74 98:20 97°41 
lbs lbs. lbs. Ibs. Ibs. lbs. 
4,820 5,308 5,974 6,163 7,468 8,033 





This Table shows in a very striking way that the electrical conductivity of iron wire increases 
with the percentage of pure.iron, except where the percentage of manganese is high; an increase 
in the percentage of manganese augments the electrical resistance considerably more than an 
increase in the percentage of sulphur or phosphorus. 


CONDUCTORS--AERIAI, LINES, 


237 


MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL TESTS OF SEVEN DEscRIPTIONS OF IRON TELEGRAP!] WIRE. 
By W. H. Preece, M.I.C.E., F.RS. Four samples of each kind. 








Pat ie = 
Gis * Twists in : Breaking e reduced to 
Description. Diameter. 6 inches, | Elongation. WwW = aid i eek : 
lbs._per Mile.t 
Inches Per cent. Ibs. 
1145 , 16 172 1,470 14-4200 
‘ ” "1765 13 11 1,380 . 15°5592 
“BB” puddled iron, 165 14 154 1,436 13 8897 
- 17385 173 14 1,182 13°8983 
‘171 16 17 1,220 140582 
; “BB” piled iron, ait "1645 9 13 1,316 15°5820 
puddied, . 227)". "1645 12 113 1,238 15 6234 
1725 173 163 1,292 14 1640 
‘ Extra BB.” Box piled of 
puddled and English 
hence ae 168.3 ial. aE 143 1,456 15 6191 
E. C. 174 103 15 1,538 153715 
PP "| 1695 re 16 1'398 15°5452 
P Ks a P 172 12 142 1,452 153017 
Serena Mee ton Wet a ie 
‘RY RE Se et 





* E.C.= English charcoal. P= puddled iron. 
+ Standard size used in United Kingdom and abroad. 


CONDUCTORS —AERIAL LINES. 


238 


MECHANICAL AND ELECTRICAL TESTS OF SEVEN. DESCRIPTIONS OF IRON TELEGRAPH WirE—Continued, 


























Resistance een 
aes ; Mile reduced 
“DEAE . Twists in A Breaking 
: ss 3 G ena ; t 
sad ate Diameter, & iackes. Elongation Weight. P a a haey 
Ibs. per Mile.t 
Inches. Per cent. Ibs. 


“Extra special B B.”’ Four-) 
sided charcoal - piled 
English charcoal, acd 














puddled thus— 172 15 15 1,420 15°5129 
EO. 1] 1685 14 143 1,412 156844 
H 172 103 14 1,484 16:3574 
Bo! * le ‘172 15 16 1,478 155471 
ak Sa ass. 2 
LS 6 Sires J 
‘1715 20 16 1,634. 15°9988 
English Bes-emer (known 169 19 - 133 2,118 18 5663 | 
as homogeneous iron), . } 170 193 173 1,484 14°6922 
l 1687 12 14 4,548 19°1480 
( - Z _ 1,392 126808 
iz 1,380 129709 
peer Bessemer, el 1735 29 18 1,456 13-6587 
1715 13} 173 1,318 13 0222 
/ she = _ 1,191 11:3490 
1,358 11-3052 
en cee charcoal, a 1695 24% 13} 194 11-2241 
‘1715 a7 13 Ire COs eeaiene Rc) 


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‘SANIT TV1IUHV—SAOLINGNOD PV. 


CONDUCTORS—AERIAL LINES. 


245 





Nominal Size: 


Cr 


p= 
bo 


ve) 
LS el oe 


a 
> or 


LINE WIRE FOR GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. 


TABLE OF WEIGHTS AND TESTS FOR STANDARD SIZES. 
(See Index for Specification.) 


Required. 


Inches. 


‘2547 
2325 
‘2205 
"2079 
1470 
1039 
0735 
0657 


Diameter. 

Allowed. 
Mini- Maxi- 
mum, mum, 

Inches, | Inches. 
251 258 
*229 236 
"217 223 
204 ‘210 
"144 150 
°102 ‘106 
072 075 
"065 067 





Weight per Mile. 





Allowed. 
Mini- Maxi- 
mum. mum. 

Lbs Lbs. 
886°5 915'5 
738°7 761°5 
665 685 
591 609 
294 306 
147 153 
73°5 7165 
58°8 61°2 








Weight of 10 Feet. 
5 Allowed. 
| 
o Mini- Maxi- 
fe mum. mum. 
Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 
1704 1°682 1726 
1420 1399 1-441 
1278 1°260 1296 
1:136 1119 1153 
568 556 680 
*284 ‘278 ‘290 
142 139 *145 
113 112 114 


CONDUCTORS— AERIAL LINES, 


246 


TABLE OF WEIGHTS AND TESTS FOR STANDARD SizEsS—Continued. 


| TrEsTs FoR STRENGTH AND DvUcTILITY. Weight of each Coil. 


To bear |Twists.|| To bear |Twists || To bear |Twists.|| To bear |Twists.|| To bear |Twists Mini- Maxi- 
r * * < * mum. mum. 


























Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 
2,775 14 2,850 138 2,925 12 3,000 11 3,076 10 
2312 | 15 || 2,375 | 14 || 2,437 | 13 |] 2,500 | 12 || 2,562 | 11 
2,081 16 2,137 15 2,193 14 2,250 13 2,306 12 
“1,850 17 1,900 16 1,950 15 2,000 14 2,050 13 
925 24 950 22 975 21 1,000 19 1,025 18 


462 7 475 16 487 15 500 14 512 13 
208 24 214 28 219 21 225 19 231 18 
167 26 171 25 176 23 180 22 185 20 








Note.—It will be seen that the following manufacturing margins are allowed, viz. :—-For wire 
weighing 600 lbs. per mile and upwards, 14 per cent. in size, and for wire of less than 600 Ibs., 
2 per cent. in size. The tests for tensile strength and ductility are strictly in proportion to the 
size of the wire, except in the two smaller sizes, where the tensile strength is reduced 10 per 
cent. on account of the disproportionate amount of zinc. 

In sizes above 15v lbs. per mile the vices will be six inches apart, but in those of 150 lbs. or less, 
they will be three inches apart, and the number of twists entered are calculated proportionately. 


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‘SHNIT TVIUAV—SHOLONGNOOD SPS 


CONDUOCTORS—AERIAL LINES, 


249 


Die AND SPAN TABLE FOR AERIAL WIRES AT ALL TEMPERATURES AND IN ALL OOuUNTRIES.—Zyeuenfeld. 


1 Shite Msc Length of Wires and Dip at Temperatures above the lowest 


Temperature. probable Temperatures. — 


i 





Span |Length| Dip 10° C. above. | 20°C. above. | 30°C. above. | 40°C. above, | 50° C. above. 
in in in 
Feet.| Feet. | Feet. Length. Dip. |Length.| Dip. |Length.| Dip. |Length.| Dip. |Length.| Dip. 
200 | 200012] 0°94 | 200037} 1°67 | 200°059| 2°10 | 200°087| 2°55 | 200°112| 2°90 | 200°137| 3°20 
300 | 300°039} 2°10 | 300076} 2°92 | 300°114] 3°58 | 300°150| 4-11 | 200187} 458 | 800°224| 5°02 
400 | 400096} 38°75 | 400°149|] 4:73 | 400°198| 5:45 | 400°255| 6:18 | 400°308| 6°80 | 400°361|) 7°36 
500 | 500°181] 5°86 | 500°241| 6-72 | 500°303| 7°54 | 500361} 8:23 | 500-421) 888 | 500481) 9°49 
600 | 600317} 8-44 | 600°394| 9°41 | 600°4€8 | 10°27 | 600°548| 11°11 | 600°625 | 11°85 | 600702 | 12°57 
700 | 700°512| 11:49 | 700°596 | 12°51 | 700-672 | 13°28 | 700°764| 14:16 | 700848 | 14°92 | 700932 | 15°64 
800 | 800:750| 15°00 | 800'848| 15°95 | 800°947 | 16°86 | 801:044| 17°70 | 801°142| 18°51 | 801°240 | 19°50 
900 | 901-067} 18 98 | 901:178| 19°94 | 901-292] 20°84 | 901°340 | 21:27 | 901°511 | 22°58 | 901-622 | 23°40 
1000 |1001°460 | 23:43 |1001°583 | 24°36 |1001°746 | 25°59 |1001°829 | 26°19 {1001 952 | 27°06 |1002-075 | 27°90 
1100 {1101-949 | 28 36 {1102-086 | 29 33 |1102-221 | 30:27 |1102°360 | 31°20 |1102 497 | 32-09 |1102°634 | 32°96 
1200 |1202°531 | 83°75 |1202°678 | 34°72 |1202°796 | 35°47 |1202 972 | 36°57 |1203°119 | 37°46 |1203°266 | 38°21 
1300 |1303-216 39°61 {1513 380 | 40°59 |1303-521 | 41-43 |1303°708 | 42°52 |1303°872 | 43°45 |1304°036 | 44°36 
i 


s a | ef SS _ | — 


1400 |1404-020 | 45°94 |1404-193 | 46-92 |1404°365 | 47-87 |1404:539 | 48 82 |1404°712 | 49°74 |1404°885 | 50°64 
1500 |1504-945 | 52°73 |1505°135 | 53°82 |1505°320 | 54-70 |1505°515 | 55.69 |1505 705 | 56°65 |1505°895 | 57°58 
1600 {1606 000 | 60:00 |1606-197 | 60-98 |1666-395 | 61-94 |1606 591 | 62°89 |1606-788 | 63°82 |1606-985 | 6474 
1700 |1707-194 | 67-73 |1707-400 | 63°63 |1707-606 | 69°63 |1707°812 | 70°53 |1708 012 | 71-04 |1708°224 | 71°99 
1800 |1808:534 | 75°93 |1808-752 | 76°86 |1808-970 | 77°81 |1809-188 | 78°75 |1809 406 | 79°68 |1809°624 | 80°59 
1900 {1910-045 | 84°60 {1910-275 | 85°56 |1910°505 | 86°51 |1910°735 | 87°45 {1910-965 | 88°39 {1911-195 | $9°31 
2000 |2011°719 . 93°75 |2011-967 | 94-74 |2012°215 | 95°71 |2012-463 | 96°68 |2012°711 | 9764 |2012-959 ‘ade 
i 


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Ose | OLE | 103 | 26 T¢-¢ }2200-0| G12 {480.0 | FT 


OOF | OF9 | 68ST | ZL |¢0-L |12000| IF.% | 960-0 | eT 
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096 | OOST | 609 | Eze | 98.8T [9610.0] €6-E | ¢¢T-0 
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OGST | 0066 | 8Gh | 19h |ST1-9% |2920.0) 69.4 | ¢SI-0 


OO8T | 00G6 | T9E | See | 92.08 | Te0.0] 80-¢ |002Z-0 
006 | 0G66 | €0E | 1¢9 |00-2E | 880-0] 6¢-¢ |02z-0 
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0066 | 000 | STZ | 606 |¢9.T¢ | €20-0| 09.9 | 092-0 
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‘NOHAWTHL—SYOLONGNOO 2SG 


CONDUCTORS—TILEPHONE. 


253 


TABLE REFERRED TO IN FOREGOING SPECIFICATION—CONDUCTIVITY WIRE. 



















































































: é Maxi 
Nomioat |___Damelers | Welaht por Miley | Miniinom | as osmum | 222060 |conatant =| Minium | Maximam 
Siz, j Strain for | Number of Weizcht X = 
3. Ww.G. oY . rie of Standard each Piece} of each 
Stand- | Mini- | Maxi- | Stand- | Mini- | Maxi- | Standard | Twists. | weight at Resistance. or Coil. undle. 
ard. | mum. | mum. ard. mum. | mum, | Weight. 60 deg. F. 
Mils. Mils. M ls. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lhs. In6inches.| Ohms. Lbs. Lbs. 
8 170 165 175 400 376 423 1069 20 12 4800 90 120 
11 120 116 124 200 186 712 6359 30 24 4800 90 112, 
In 3 inches. 
16 66 63 69 60 55 66 160 20 ae fae 20 112 
3/16 66 63 69 180 165 198 480 20 30 5400 112 140 
each. |each. | each each. 
STAY WIRE. 
i 
Minimum j 
: Diameters. Weight per Mile. +s ini Mini Maxi 
Nominal Se eee 
- 9. W.G. Standard Twists. |each Piece) of each 
Standard. | Minimum. | Maximum. | Standard. | Minimum. | Maximum. Weight. or Coil. Bundle. 
Mils. Mils. Mils. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. In 6 inches. Lbs. Lbs. 
8 170 165 175 400 376 423 1425 20 90 20 
11 120 116 124 200 186 212 713 25 50 112 
de Of any single wire. ny single wire. 
7/A1 120 116 124 1400" 1302 1484 4991 25 each 112 120 
In 3 inches. 
5/16 66 63 69 60 545) 66 - 1069 17 each. 112 140 
7/16 66 63 69 60 165 198 1496 17 each. 112 140 
7/14 81 78 84 90 84 95 2245 12 each. 112 140 





NotE.—The weight per mile is regarded as the only standard, and upon this the other calculations are based. 


--January, 1889. 





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CONDUCTORS-—-TELEPHONE, 


255 


TABLE FOR HARD-DRAWN CopPER WIRE (p. 254). - 
































DIAMETERS. WEIGHT PER MILE. Minimum ’ Resista 
Nonsinal | jo.°5 Gif 3 td ee ne Re en i es Foie ala nek ‘mile of 
Size, ! Strain for Twis ts | Of | Standard 
S.W.G. | gtand- | Mini- | Maxi- | Stand- | Mini- | Maxi- | Standard Sine, | Weight 
ard. mum. mum. ard. mum, mum. Weight. ; at 60° F. 
Mils. Mils. Mis. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. 4 
123 OF. 95 92 150 144 157 462 10 5°94 
14 79 78 80 100 97 102 308 16 8°92 
16 66 65 67 70 68 72 216 20, -; |) Saag 
18 50 49 51 40 38 42 123 [ 2-25 - 22:29 





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-GUTTAPERCHA,. 


271 


MAKING GUTTAPERCHA CORE, 





Hot 
Chatterton 













Core of 
10} 






Drum 


STANDARD TEMPERATURE FOR DIELECTRIC TESTs.—It is usual in specifications 
for good cable-core to specify that the conductor and dielectric shall have a 
certain resistance at 75° Fah., and all tests taken at other temperatures are 
reduced by tables to that temperature for comparison. It is also usual to specify 
that the core shall be kept for 24 hours at a constant temperature of 75° Fah. 
before being tested and passed for ‘sheathing ; but it is evident that tests taken 
at this temperature are not nearly so searching for small faults (owing to the 
absolute resistance being low) as they would be if taken at a lower temperature, 
say from 40° to 50°. Some well-known firms, therefore, make a point of taking 
final tests before passing core for sheathing, at as low a temperature as practicable. 


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GUTTAPERCHA, 


INSULATION RESISTANCE AND INDUCTIVE CAPACITY OF G.-P. COVERED WIRE AFTER ONE 
MINUTE OF ELECTRIFICATION AT 75° F'.—Fletchen. 








Inductive Inductive Inductive Inductive 
Res. per | Capacity D Res. per | Capacity D Res. per | Capacity D Res. per | Capacity 
Mile. per mile. = Mile. per Mile. — Mile. per Mile. | — Mile. per Mile, 
Megohms.} Micro- a @ | Megohms.} Micro- @ |Megohms.|} Micro- 
farads. farads, farads. 
2°74 436°3 *3310 3°22 467°2 3091 
2°76 439°0 3290 3°24 469°7 3074 
2°78 441°6 *3270 3°26 472-2 3058 
2:80 444-3 | -3250 1 3-28] 4746 | -3049 
2°82 446°9 3231 3°30 477°0 *3027 
2°84 449°5 3213 3°32 479°4 3012 
2°86 452°1 *3194 3°34 481°8 *2997 
2°8S 454°6 3176 3°36 484°2 2982 
2°90 457°2 *3158 3°38 486°6 *2967 
2°92 459°7 3141 3°40 489°0 *2953 
2°94 462°2 3124 3°42 491°3 2959 
2°96 464°7 3107 3°44 493°6 "2925 








= 


GUTTAPERCHA, 


274 


INSULATION RESISTANCE AND InpuctrvE Capacity oF G.-P. CovERED WIRE AFTER ONE 
MINUTE OF ELECTRIFICATION AT 75° F.—Fleicher— Continued. 












Inductive Inductive Inductive 


Inductive 

D Res. per | Capacity D Res. per | Capacity D Res. per | Capacity D Res. per. | Capacity 

an Mile. per Mile.} — Mile. per Mile. = Mile. per Mile, a Mile. per Mile. 
a Megohms,.| Micro- a Megohms.| Micro- d Megohms.| Micro- a Megohms.| Micro- 
farads. farads, faracs farads. 


ee | | ee |) | oe | = 





| 











3461 496-0 | -2912 | 3-72] 5249 | -2751 | 3981 5519 4-04 | 577-2 | 2502 
3:48 | 4983 | -2898 | 3-74] 597-0 9740 1 4:00] 553°9 4-26 | 579-1 | 2494 
3°50 | 5006 | -2885 13-76} 5292 | 2729 | 4021 5559 4231 5809 | -2486 
3:52} 5028 | 2872 1378| 5313 9718 | 4:04] 557-9 4:30 | 5828 | -2478 
3541 5051 | 2859 1 3:80| 533-4 9707 | 4:06 | 559°8 432 | 5846 | -2470 
3561 6073 | 2846 1382] 5355 2697 | 4:08 | 5618 434] 5865 | 2462 
3581 5096 | 2834 1 3:84| 5376 | -2686 | 4101] 5638 436] 5883 | “2454 
3:60! 6118 | 28291 | 3°86] 5397 | -2676 | 4:12! 565-7 4:38 | 5902 | -2447 
3°62 | 514-0 9809 | 3°88] 5417 2666 | 4:14] 567-6 4-40} 5920 | -2439 
3641 5162 | -2797 | 390] 5438 | 2656 | 4:16] 569°6 4-49 | 593-8 | -2489 
3°66 | 518-4 9785 1 3:92 | 545°8 9645 14181 5715 4-44] 5956 | 2494 
4-20 4-46 | 597-4 | -2417 
4-29 4-48 | 5992 | -2410 


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SUBMARINE CABLES, 


281 


ese Sree = 





Wh 
Cabie. laid, 
Direct United States, 1875 
American Telegraph and Cable Co., 1881 
Do. do. do.. 1882 
Aug. 


Djeddah to Suakin (Red Sea). 


Tests oF ATLANTIC CABLES, &C.,* 


Made and Laid by Messrs. Siemens Brothers & Co. 


Temp. of Cable, 66° Fah., 


Mean) | 4099 
Rt ee 


Total length, 
knots. 


2422°56 
2517°76 
2562°70 


187°66 


* From Rankine’s ‘‘ Rules and Tables.” 





Copper Resistance in 


Siemens’ Units. 





a 
Per actory Te 
we | mote | Peeaeaos 
7312 3°018 ahi 
8014 3'184 3°466 { 
8264 3°225 3°509 | 
Ohms. | Ohms. Ohms. | 
2115 LE 27 11°49 | 
t 
Sixth Edition. 


SUBMARINE CABLES, 


282 


TESTS oF ATLANTIC CABLES, &¢.—Continued. 










Electro-static Capacity Insulation Resistance, 
in Microfarads. in Million Siemens’ Units. 









Tests taken by, and Date, 










Mean from wo eo nee 
ac 
Total. Per ead 3 Total, |Per knot,/ per Ear at 
Knot, | Per Xnotat | ist min. | Ist min.| “750 Fah. 












Fife Jamieson, 9/2/76. 
Frank Jacob, 1/7/82. 
Do., do. 












987°6 | -4077 Fe 2:96 | 5,475 
887 “352 3720 785 | 19,770 510 
925 ‘361 ‘3657 74 | 18970 508 






Per Knot in Megohms. 











Ist min. ae Ist min. 
56°18 "2994 2984 9,382 | 18,760 | 2140 Frank Jacob, 21/10/82. 


ELECTRICAL DATA OF SUBMARINE CABLEs.* 


Manufactured and laid by The Telegraph Construction and Maintenance Company, Limited. 






Electrical Values at 24° Cent. 















F in B.A, Units. 
Hid 7 
ad | Conductor. Dielectric (G.P.) 
Cable. Date ae 
wn (For Mechanical data, see pp. 287, 288.) ‘ = et by “7 cay 3 
e = Ae ope. | gee | Zaeg 
E 2 | g22 | S252 | 222 | fe25 
- a 2,3 © a BO Bane 
o oo ° ne & A Sa ofa 
ee ae mad 2° Pe 
2 Ce te 
= 
as : z 
E Placentia and St. Pierre, . . 1872 110 11°930 93°4 8378 | 303 
= St. Pierre and Sydney, ” : 9 182 
(=a) Constantinople,. . . : 9) “7 cee ees : 
=) England and Spain, . ° 1873 619 10°528 94°4 321 296 
‘ Vigo and Lisbon os oa tee 247 
| : é 76 3°167 94'1 254 353 
Treland and Newfoundland, . o 1876 . 
Placentia and Sydney, . . ’ aig i 12-070 99°3 451 317 
Sydney and Placentia, . . ” j ee nee jen =e 
Neuwerk and Heligoland, ; < 31 3° see be = 
Lisbonand Madeira,. . . - 613 10°567 94°0 296 a 
Alexandria and Crete, . | = 359 11°780 94 6 835 5) 





oy * From “ Rankine’s Rules and Tables,” sixth edition. ¢ 
cS t For cables prior to 1872, see ‘‘ Electrical Tables,” Clark and Sabine. 


284 


SUBMARINE CABLES,. 


B.A. Units. 
: 
“ Conductor. Dielectric (G.P.) 
Cable. a} 
(or Mechanical data, see. pp. 289-291.) | Date | 3 23 rt 
‘tea 34s LL] O45 a by 
2 | ged | SEBS) 328 | Pega 
3 eae | e827 | 228 | £858 
3e° ns & il oad Ssag 
r BB a A 
Crete and Zante, «. } -*ogs 1873 238 11668 95°5 258 "309 
Zante and Otranto, . =. - 1874 sit 11°553 96°4 256 *305 
Italy and Sicily, - F ts — <a ae tis 
Jamaica and Porto Rico, . : 5 647 2 : - 
Martinique and Dominica, . is 37 11°535 967 274 306 
Madeira aa St. Vincent,. . i I ie 2 ae ee a ah 
Kilia and Odessa, : 3 2 f 
St. Vincent and Pernambuco, P L 1844 4836 96°7 312 302 
preeens and N exenmndisnd, F i. 1837 3°135 95:1 282 332 
Holland : < ee ba ose 
.| Italy and Sardinia, « , yeslQd-S 1875 118 12-024 92°7 373 "296 
‘| Yankalilla and Kingscote, ; a 38 11°641 95°8 228 300 
Australia and New Zealand, . 1876 1282 11.708 95°2 273 “300 
Cook’s Straits, N.Z., . > Z eh” 45 11851 94:0 417 307 
Suez and Aden, . . F 4 be 1443 10 180 97°6 333 “301 
Aden and Bombay, . : ‘ 1877 1888 6800 97°4 S44 314 





ELECTRICAL DATA OF SUBMARINE CABLES. —Coniinued. 


—_—— MC O_O OO 


Electrical Values at 24° Cent. | 
x 














CARRS RE ESA RY RT A ARE ee eee ee ee al 


SUBMARINE GABLES, 


285 


ee Sone ER ee, 


Cabl 


e. 
(For Mechanical data, see pp. 291, 293.) 


Penangand Rangoon, . 
Marseilles and Bona, 
Bona and Malta, ~ . A 
Para and Maranham, : 
Torpedo Cables, ‘ 
Alexandria andCyprus_ . 
Penang and Malacca, 
Natal and Delagoa Bay, 


Delagoa and Mozambique, 


Malacca and Singapore, 


Germany and Norway, 
3 Conductors, ‘ - 


Mozambique and Zanzibar, 
Singapore and Java, . 
Aden and Zanzibar, . j 





ELgcrrican Data or SUBMARINE CABLES—Continued, th 


Electrical Values at 24° Cent. 


















: in B.A. Units. 
2 : . . 
a Conductor. | Dielectric (G.P.) 
od 
Date, a eat a 
oO . 2 8 
= =a ae Bras I 
; #iq | g3ce| 2 
x ae S ee | a 
CH eas Ps 
& 3 A le 
































SUBMARINE CABLES, 


286 


Se aeeteaeeneietneennEE 
‘ 





ELECTRICAL DATA OF SUBMARINE CABLES.—Continued. 


Electrical Values at 24° Cent. 


. in B.A. Units. 
2 SWRA ESTERASE 2 te 5 EE ills oe, 
° ) 
is Conductor, ‘Dielectric (G.P.) 
Cable. Z 
(For Mechanical data, see pp. 294, 295 ) aaa 3 bs, sa . Pe a 
cf a gba. see | BBS 
a $8 Bess 1 £44 | 2y8e 
# gee) | sel | Bef | See8 
am 8 memes aS i. 
Java and Australia, . 5 A 1880 © 1131 11°644 95°7 345 ‘282 
Wanganui and Wakapuaka, . ” 108 11°378 97°9 409 281 
Hong Kongand Luzon, .. es 528 11°453 97°3 456 280 
: ‘ 1,11°442 97°4 517 282 
Placentia and St. Pierre, 109 2, 11-414 97-6 494 989 
3 Conductors, 4 . = e 4 3.11°446 97°4 502 282 
Ireland and Newfoundlan : -- 1423 4161 95°5 478 315 
Englandand Norway, . . ” 423 6°864 965 500 303 
Norway and Sweden, sie a 94 6°733 98°4 440 “303 
St. Pi at Sea 1,11°414 97°6 651 282 
a apo 3 185 2,11°387 97°9 600 282 
onauctors, . ° . . 3,11°422 97°6 613 “282 
Singapore and Batavia, .  . 1881 537 11°297 98°7 709 “316 
Trieste and Corfu, . i : 2 550 9°155 100°0 658 "352 
Valentia and Greitseil, . : 1882 841 9-098 100°0 567 354 


a rere 


SUBMAKINE CABLES. 


287 


MECHANICAL DATA oF SUBMARINE CABLES.* 
MANUFACTURED AND LAID BY THE TELEGRAPH CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE Co., LmITED.t 
For Electrical Data, see pp. 283-286. 














BE KS Weight per Knot. | 
Cables. Dates |e Lit i aso. Remarks. 
Insu ; P 
Knots. ook te, Iron. | Jute. Asia Compe 
: lbs. | lbs. | Tons. | Tons. | Tons Tons. 
Placentia and 1872 110 ; 107 | 140 2°344 153 cas 2607 | Main. 
St. Pierre, % . ‘ 9 845 519 | 1145 | 11619 | Shoreends. 
St. Pierre and 189 S| » “ 2°344 153 te% 2°607. | Main. 
Sydney, 2: | eo ae & 9845 +519 | 1145 | 11-619 | Shoreends. 
Constantinople, | _,, 5 % im 1:193 ‘107 393 1-803 
120 | 175 | -9°845 519 | 1505 | 12000 | Shore. 
. Pa fe 5°369 “350 ‘750 6600 | Intermed. 
England and {| 4973 | 619 bl Be 2687 | 093 | 475 | 3:382 a 
Spain,. . . a ye 1906 | 187 419 2-630 sf 
eo #: 645 095 "826 1697 | Main. 
: 120 | 175 | 9°845 +519 | 1:505 | 12000 | Shore, 
Vigo and Lisbon,| _,, 247 Ms * 2°687 093 “475 3°382 | Main. 
z * 5°369 350 750 6600. | Intermed. 


* From Rankine’s *‘ Rules and Tables,” sixth edition. 
+ For Cables prior to 1872, see “ Electrical Tables,” Clark and Sabine, pp. 256-259. 


SUBMARINE CABLES, 


288 


MECHANICAL DATA OF SUBMARINE CABLES— Continued. 





' 
L 3 - 
a Weight per Knot. 
Cables. Date. Remarks. 
Insu- 
Knots, | ©? | antor |. Tron’ Jute. | Asphalt, | complete. 
per. | gp &e. 


——— | 








Ibs. | Ibs. Tons. | Tons. | Tons. | ‘ons. 

400 | 400 | 17-460 1-684 <n 19°50 Shore. 

* 9641 641 1:989 12°628 Intermed. 
3350 | 164 | -498 | 4-369 


Ireland. and 
Newfound- ' 1873 | 1876 


99 


‘ 636 | “137 | 940 | 1845 | Main” 
107 | 140 9°845 519 1145 11°619 | Shore. 
s 5917 "325 691 7043 | Intermed. 


reto,. . ol 1038 075 "337 156 =| Main. 


land, | si 4 2-419 090 | “388 | 3-454 * 
3 nt 662 47 1-080 12286 Main. 

107 | 140 | 17-460 | 1-684 a 54 | Shore. 
eet |. | ee i » | » | 9641 | “641 | 1989 | 12381 | Intermed, 
a eS peal «|| AeLeese 164 | 498 122 Main. 

ts » | 17-460 | 1-684 Se 9:°254 | Shore 
Ne ~ 280 } * » | 90641 641 | 1:989 | 12°081 | Intermed 
: i 3°350 164 ‘498 | 4:199 ain 
Neuwerk and ) 31 J| 107 | 140 9°514 666 | 1°371 | 11661 | Shore 
He.igoland, 5 | lites Sa 5-917 325 | ‘691 | 7:043 | Main. 
12) | 175 | 9-450 ‘750 | 1387 | 11668 | Shore. 
Lisbon and 613 | * | ce 2°687 "094 ‘470 3°382 | Intermed. 
Madeira, . . vi rs 1-900 187 "412 2°630 
C 


Alexandria and) | 359 


—_——. 


A nec | a (wae (a nr 


SUBMARINE CABLES, 


289 


MECHANICAL DATA OF SUBMARINE CABLES—Continued. 








Weight per Knot. 


Cables. Insu- Remarks, 

















Cop- | jator, Asphalt, | Complete. 
G. &c. 
Ibs. | Ibs. Tons. | Tons. 
107 | 140 1:504 | 11978 | Shore. 
Crete and Zante, 288 13 | (cae eo 2 oa ere 
| a¥o 348 1378 Main. 
107 4 1°504 ; Shore. 
ae an is7 J pea 750 | 6579 | Intermed. 
RANG; ie ee x 348 1578 | Main. 
Italy and Sicily, 5 107 . 1:262 artes eS 
; 107 | 1 1-262 ore. 
J pee eee 647 ) s - ‘406 3°830 | Intermed. 
ee ee iii. af 297 1647 | Main. 
rire 1u7 | 140 1-262 11°472 | Shore. 
ee and 37 eee ‘406 | 3°830 | Intermed. 
CRC 5 E 297 1647 | Main. 
120 | 175 1:337 | 11668 | Shore. 
Madeira and 1196 a - "470 3°382 | Intermed. 
St. Vincent, * = oe hig ‘ait 
ig A "845 ain. 
107 | 140 1-051 6886 | Shore. 
KiliaandOdessa,| __,, 349 - = 793 3°903 | Intermed. 
rape F 337 1540 ‘' Main. 








SUBMARINE CABLES, 


290 


MECHANICAL DATA OF SUBMARINE CABLES—Continued. 


Insu- 


Cop- |; 
per. aon Iron. 


Ibs. | Ibs. Tons. 
255 340 9°450. 


and Pernam- 
buco, 


Ireland and ' 


St. Vincent 


Newfound- 
land, .. 
Holland,. . 


Italy and Sar- 


Ginia,.. . 
Yankalilla and 
Kingscote, 


Australia and 
New Zea- 
land...) 


Cook’s “gies: 


ofteg © ° e. 


Shore. 
Intermed. 


99 
Main. 
Shore. 
Intermed. 
Main. 


Main. 
Shore. 
Intermed. 
Main. 
Shore. 
Intermed. 


99 
Main. 
3 cores. 
Shore. 
Main. 





SUBMARINE CABLES. 


73) ie 


MECHANICAL DATA OF SUBMARINE CABLES— Continued. 








Length s 
Laid. Weight per Knot. 
Cables. Date. Remarks. 
Insu- 
Knots. | C°P- | lator,| Iron. Jute. | Asphalt, | complete. 
Pree 1G. P. &e. 





ecg | SS ee | eee | eee | ee ee | ee | eee 





120 | 175 | 9951 | -838 | 1-236 | 12156 | Shore. 
Suez and Aden, | 1876 | 1443 2848 | -101 | -435 | 3515 | Intermed. 


Aden and 1) 1977 | 1888 


Bombay, . f : i 2°827 111 576 | 3'702 
99 ” 

Penang and : : 
» | 853 by GRE 2350 | +125 | -484 | 3569 | Intermed. 

Rangoon,. . : Ks 1-060 093 291 pee = 

; 107 140 9°800 *650 1°120 16 hore. 
ahr ee er » | 468 ” ” 2900 | ‘244 | “440 | 3692 | Intermed. 

ona, . : 3 1:062 144 297 1613 | Main. 


107 | 140 | 9:800 | °650 | 1120 | 11°680 | Shore. 
53387 | -550 | °475 | 6°472 | Intermed. 
2-900 | 244 | 440 | 3-692 ir 
1:062 | -144 | 297 | 1613 | Main. 


Bona and Malta, Pe 382 





SUBMARINE CABLES. 


292 


MECHANICAL DATA oF SUBMARINE CABLES—Continued. 





Length : 
Cates oe I: os 7 
r : aioe Remarks. 
— i poe Iron. Jute. Sepet’ Complete. 


a ee 6 i 





107 | 140 | 8-412 ‘587 635 | 9741 | Shore. 
Para and rt 309 % a 4-075 287 “400 4872 Intermed. 
anham, . & * 2:900 125 “237 3372 | Main. 
98 | 116 ‘718 | 064 | -447 | 1:394 
Torpedo Cables, 289 9 9 1117 "150 "682 2°340 | 4 cores. 
\: 4 "856 056 | -285 | 1-299 
saith 107 | 140 | 9-800 | -650 | 1°120 | 11-680 | Shore. 
Alexandriaand) 327 + 2°900 "244 “440 3°692 | Intermed. 
Cyprus, . .) ‘ 1062 | ‘144 | -297 1613 | Main. 
Penang and 974. J] 107 | 140 | 10:350 675 | 1:026 | 12161 | Shore. 
Malacca, . . at ik, a! 9:303 | -225 | ‘554 | 3692 | Main 
107 | 140 | 13 647 ‘515 dee 15-652 Shore. 
i. » | 10350 | 675 02 2: 
Natal and De-) 344 : y 5-230 400 | -781 | 6521 | Intermed. 
lagoa, . . .j ~ 1 © | esos | -295 | +554 | 3-692 | Main 
I s 850 050 | -362 1:372 4 
107 | 140 | 10-350 | -675 | 1:026 | 12:16L | Shore. 
i. + 5°230 “400 ‘781 6521 | Intermed. 
Delagoa and 966 4| » si 2°803 225 557 3692 3 
Mozambique, se -. 862 075 | °337 | 1:387 | Main. 
t zs 850 050 | 362 | 1:372 4 
| xs = 625 |! 187 | 517 ' 1-449 = 





SUBMARINE CABLES, 


_ 293 


MECHANICAL DATA OF SUBMARINE CABLES—Continued. 





Length . 
raid. Weight per Knot. | 
Cables. Date. Remarks. 
Knots. | CP aie Iron. Jute. | Asphalt, | complete 
per. ; : &c. . 





Malacca and 1379 | 16 107 | 140 | 10°350 675 | 1026 | 12161 | Shore. 
Singapore, be “fl 2 eT es 504 3 oe — 
100 | 125 | 165 87 | 1:225 | 18536 | Shore. 
Germany and) 1 ot 3) iis | 188 | 60°) - a0: | 
Ms S69 9 3 2°375 150 -406 3-162 
(| 107 | 140 10 330 675 1.026 12161 Shore. ; | 
: | ag os : “400 “781 9) ntermed. 
a ean Eanuitae, . | eral > | 2 | 2803 | -295 | -554 | 3-692 mi 
Di 1 ae . 850 | ‘050 | ‘362 | 1372 | Main. 
‘al ea s 625 187 517 | 1-442 a 
(| 107 | 140 | 10-350 675 | 1:026 | 12161 | Shore. } 
Singapore and 919 2| » a 5°230 400 ‘781 6°521 | Intermed. 
ava, . ds i - 2°803 225 "504 3°692 | Main. 
as . 1772 | ‘115 | -500 | 2-497 a 
(| 250 | 250 10°350 "675 1026 12-274 Shore. f 
: yi age = 2 5°2 400 x) 65 nterme 
Agen and Zee » |198 7} % | ” | 3860 | 145 | “616 | 4-344 ee 
eee ee .; 625 | +187 ‘B17 1442 | Main. 
ih . 1112 | -200 | -367 | 1°902 = 





SUBMARINE CABLES. 


MECHANICAL DATA OF SUBMARINE CABLES— Continued. 





























294 


— Weight per Knot. 
Date. ; Tnsu- Remarks. 
Knots. | ©C°P- | jator,| Iron. Jute. | Asphalt, | complete. 
per. G. P. &c. : 
Ibs. Pe a eo Tons. | Tons. 
07 | 140 | 10°35 ‘675 | 1-026 | 12161 | Shore. 
get es 1880 | 1131 2| ., | ,, | 2803 | -295 | -554 | 3692 | Intermed. 
sii . be "850 “050 “362 1:372 | Main. 
Wanganui and 108 107 | 140 | 11°402 518 es 12°030 | Shore. \ 
Wakapuaka, ” va 2°847 "145 616 3718 | Main. 
107 | 140 | 10-350 615 1-026 12161 Shore. RE | 
"4 5-230 | -40 ‘781 | 652L | Interm 
oe gone x " | ? 1 9803 | -295 | -554 | 3-692 i 
<periialm tbcT is “880 070 | -45L | 1:511 | Main. 
if 3 pa ‘2 | -518 | 1:550 cs 
5 107 | 140 | 34-770 | -625 pe 15725 | 3 cores. 
sip rs poy ‘ il gs- 127100.) 2600)" “850 | °9-480,.4/ 0, 
eiginiat: i 3 4°650 200 ‘515 5°755 os 
Treland and 4 : 
300 | 300 g60 | “115 | -725 | 1:967 | Main. 
se ce if Beet os fon | 1 ecteee hia |) 705 |) T8078 |, | 
; 180 | 200 | 11:585 | -260 | 1-045 | 13-100 Shore. iL 
: 7-780 | -405 | 1-000 | 9355 | Intermed. 
ae and " | " | 3450 | -995 | -ee2 | 4507 : 
si a 4 2°400 137 ‘570 3277 | Main. 
14100 | -260 | 1-085 : 








SUBMARINE CABLES, 


295 


MECHANICAL DATA OF SUBMARINE CABLES—Continued. 


| La:d Weight per Knot. 
i aa | 
Cables. Date. | Remarks. 
Insu- 
Knots. | ©°P- | jator,| Iron. Jute | Asphalt,! complete. 
per | .@. P. &e. 
| 











Ibs..| Ibs. | Tons. Tons. | Tons. | Tons. 


Norway and | yo | 94 §| 180 | 200 | 2400 | 137 | “570 | 8277 | Main. 
Sweden, Ro ee eo 7780 405 1-000 z ‘355 | Intermed. 
107 | 140 | 14770 | 625 | .. 5725 | 3 cores. 
eet? a gs | 18 » |» |. 7700 | 600 | 850 | 9480 | ~ ,, 
ydney, " | " | 4-650 | -200 | 575 | 5-755 i 
Singapore and t 1881 537 3 107 | 140 | 10°350 "675 1°026 12161 | Shore. 
Batavia, | “1 | ow | 2803 | 225 | 554 | 3-692 | Main. 
130 | 130 | 10:00 | -600 | 1015 | 11-731 | Shore. 
Trieste and 550 mi < 5°340 400 127 6583 | Intermed. 
Corfu,. . | ” "| ” 1 9900 | 150 | 587 | 3-753 a 
"1 " | Fao | -057 | 371 | 1-654 | Main 
ee. 130 | 130 | 11900 | 550 | -400 | 12-966 | Shore. 
poo \ 1882 | 841 . | « | 5600 | 350 | -633 | 6-729 | Intermed. 
> Fa ” Oaktet| ae 195 | -499 | 3520 | Main. 


SUBMARINE CABLES. 


296 


SHEATHING. 


Results of tests of Iron Wire used for sheathing Cables, by Clark, Forde, & Co., from a large number 
of averages taken between 1878 and 1882. 



























Carn q 

Size of Wire.| Peaking | o 4 

Name of Maker. Description. 2 easels ae Bp 3 

ey 
B.W.G| Dia.|wirelss alg & 

In. | lbs. |Tons}__. 
ae on Iron galvanised, 6 | °200/2266] 32 {18:3 
Felten & Guillaume, | Homo. iron gal., | 13 | °100)1113} 63 | 7-1 
“A A. 5 i. 13 | -100|1370| 78 | 5-7 
Johnson & Nephew, Pe, ig 13 | 098/1392| 82 | 51 
Felten & Guillaume, . ue 13 | :099/1286] 75 | 5°5 
. fe 13 | -099] 981] 57 | 4:9 
Felten & Guillaume, Tron galvanised, 6 | -200/2142} 30 |18°1 
Johnson & N ephew, < - 6 | °198)2052] 30 |19-0 
Felten & Guillaume, | Homo, iron gal., | 13 | -098)1094| 70 | 52 

G. F. Rogers, . 7 - o 13 | -101/1038} 63 | 3° 
Johnson & Nephew, ‘ 4 13 | -098)1884| 89 | 4:9 
Fox &Co, . 2 . 13 | -100) 959] 59 | 3°5 
Felten & Guillaume, Steel galvanised,| 13 | °099|1641|102 | 5-7 
Iron i 6 | :200/2213) 33 |14°5 
Johnson & Nephew, i. me 6 | °197/2069) 31 |18°5 
a i 8 | -165|1388] 30 |17°8 

Hill & Co., . * 8 | -160/1262| 29 |18° 
Felten & Guillaume, z = 8 | °169)1531| 82 |15-7 

ph) 9 ” ” 4 *240 3097 32 18° 
‘- ‘a x se 6 | -201|2136] 31 |16-5 


* Torsion 





Test. No. 
of turns Used in Cable. 
round itself 
and back. 
~~ | Bound. Back. 
= Duplicate Australian. 
o— a ” ” 
3 — 21 | Kastern & S. African. 
3 — 24 | Hong Kong, Manilla. 
ae ” ” 
3—3 ” ” 
Sera 9 ” 
a 10 99, »” 
3—3 Atlantic, 1880 
3—3 ” ” 
3—3 ” ” 
3 rand 3 97 ” 
3 — 2 ” 39 
3 — 0 Placentia, Sydney,’80. 
a — 0 ” ” | 
3 =< 0 eve eee 
3 =" 0 eco eoe 
3—0 
3 — 0 Placentia, Sydney,’80. 
*3 — 1 Greitseil, Valentia,’ 82.! 





* The twist test is now always applied besides bending and unbending the wire round itself. 
The weight per knot of 4B. W.G. iron wire=878 lbs. | The weight per knot es B. W.G. iron wire - 450 Iba. 
6 


” 99 ” 29 = 29 ” 


hd ” 99 =14 ,, 


SUBMARINE CABLES, 


297 


CABLE WIRE FOR GOVERNMENT OF INDIA. 
TABLE OF WEIGHTS AND Tests FoR STANDARD SizxEs. (See Specification, page 240.) 











| & = ey Corresponding Tests for Strength and Ductility. pe 
7) . 

a |szS 
4 a3 a Twists Twists Twists Twists Twists | Maxi- | Mini- 
5 Pa | Tobear jing in.| T° bear jing in.| TO Pear ling in.| TO bear ling in.| T° Pear ling in.| mum. | mum. 
| Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. Lbs. | Lbs. 
| 3s | 900 3,000 10 3,075 9 3,150 8 3,225 7 3,300 6 95 105 
42} 750 | 2500 | 11 | 2,562 | 10 | 2,625 9 | 2687 | 8 2,750 95 | 105 
53 | 600 2,000 12 2,050 iW 2,100 10 2,150 9 2,200 8 95 105 








Notre L—In order that the wire may be readily recognised as cable wire, the binders of the 
coils are to be ungalvyanised. See Para. 16. 


Nore II.—No joints will be allowed in Cable Wire. See Para. 11, Specification, page 240. . 


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*SHTAVO—AHAVUVNTIAL Ilg 


TELEGRAPHY—CABLES, 


312 


SrmpLex TRANSLATION AND SIMPLEX SECTIONS ON SUBMARINE CABLES, 


(B. Smith.) 
keg 
S$ ae 






CABLE 1, : D, C, CABLE 2. 
Ly] 
SSSSS| ciek ]SSSSSS 
DY 1 | 


Where cable 1 and 2 represent the two cables. 

signalling condensers. 

Dr, D2 ee galvanometer detectors for sending currents. 

commutators for switching from the one system to the other. 
Siphon Recorders (or mirrors). 

S1 S82 ” switches for turning to send and receive. 

Ki, k2 ” sending keys. . 

p sa » batteries. 

£i, £2 ” separate earths.—(See p. 314, for directions.) 


TELEGRAPHY—CABLES, 


313 





DupLex TRANSLATION ON SUBMARINE CABLES:—(B. Smith.) 


CABLE |. CABLE 2 
A MARA SAASSAN SSS SSS & ° Cc 
b 
oe , 
AL Zi % WEY, 
se 
EYL nice. 
otith 
4) 
By 





Siphon Recorder Signals 


mo, : YN . 
fe eae ee i a Yor niacin 2 2 f. fA, 
Wee Seeastoscase 26066 © 000688688 ° . x . . 


2 % Ge es ‘ 
Balance. a OW Aaa Me f ee 


A al 5 2 eth Soe Ae. 
Le we ocae % rs ‘ i 
i XU 


Photographed from actual signals taken by A. Jamieson, at Alexandria, Signalling from 
Marseilles by Muirhead’s Bridge Duplex as above. 


TELEGRAPHY—CABLES, 


314 


DIRECTIONS FOR WORKING SIMPLEX TRANSLATION, &,—(See p. 312.) 


For translation from cable 1 to cable 2, using recorder, S R1, have connections as shown in 
diagram, with plugs in No. 2 holes of Co1and Coe. To translate from cable 2 to cable 1, turn 
switch, Si), round. For translation with recorder, S Re, put plugs in No.1 holes of commutators, 
Coi and Coz, For simplex put plug in hole 2 of commutator, Co1, and in hole 1 of commutator, 
Coz, When many locals are not expected at an intermediate station, simplex translation increases 
power of transmitting traffic about 75 per cent. over old form of simplex and writing down 


- messages and re-sending them. 


DuPpLEX TRANSLATION CONNECTIONS.—(p. 313). 


For working two long Cables with Sir William Thomson’s Recorder. 


Index to Diagram. 


A&C represent extreme stations. a&b represent arms of Wheatstone’s 


B 3 intermediate station. bridge. 
SR “5 Siphon Recorder, or other AL re artificial line (Muir- 
recording Instruments. head’s). 
Ki, Ko, Ks, 74, ” sending keys. C receiving condensers. 
Bi, B2, Bs, Ba, “a + batteries. # ES earths. 


The above method, well carried out, is capable of accomplishing nearly three times as much 
traffic as can be done by ordinary simplex working between stations, A and C, with inter- 
mediate one, B. The two operators at station. B, simply send the signals as they appear on their 


slip, but can break in at any time to send locals. 


TELEGRAPHY~- CABLES, 


315 


SIPHON RECORDER SIGNALS. 


Alphabet, photographed from Sign 
buco-St. Vincent Cable, 1844 Knots. 


Ss % a 4 
she oe VA, wT a FAS 
| 
Onderstand 
& 
J ? a 2 


: t a ane 
A t ea 
gf of i ‘% A t ra e 4 
owe 4 . “ny ff - a : - 
os V7 t Sf 


als received at Pernambuco, by A. Jamieson, on the Pernam- 


w mM A cay WA 2 nA 
Aah ah ato fy 
VAY Be A A IM 2 wired 
Reply 


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ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY. 


999 


ELECTRO-CHEMICAL EQUIVALENTS. 
From Electrician’s Directory, 1885. 


Calculated on the basis of Lord Rayleigh’s recent determination of the electro-chemical equiva- 
lent of Silver, and the corrected atomic weights of the elements as given by Roscoe. 











Electro- Gram- 
ee Py were coed orn mes 
ELEMENTS. Oe eer Mage ie oe eee er per Log Log 
ency.*; Weight er Ampere 
y SU) valent. Gaulonab) Gramme Hoar, 
| e€ Z qd w qd w 
TY GE DA INT NEE NRNNY ANERLIE S| CUA Soe 
Electro-Positive. 
Hydrofvenss =... 2:| 1: 1: | 000010384] 96293-00 | 0 :03738 | 4°9836353 |2-5727090 
Potassium, “.06,. «| Ki 89°04 39°04 | 00040539 | 2467°50 | 145950 | 3°3922572 | 01642041 
PSOUIUM?... -.° Jive - | Nal 22°99 | 22°99 | :00023873 | 4188°90 | 0°85942 | 3°6221000 |1°9342055 
ASurainiam, ye | -AlS fs 91 | '00009449 | 1058°30 | 3°40180 | 3°0245939 | 0:°5317086 
Magnesium, . .. .| Mg2| 23°94] 11:97 | 00012430 804:03:| 4.47470 | 2°905541L | 0°6507614 
GOSS we 2. on eee oe. | Auts 1960 654 | 00067911 | 1473°50.| 2°44480.| 3°1683501 | 0°3882433 
Silver, . - » | Ag! | 107-66 | 107°66 | :00111800 894°41 | 4:02500 | 2°9515366 | 0°6047659 


Copper (Cuprie), oa | Cu2.3| 63° 815 | 00032709 | 3058-60 | 1117700 | 34855227 | 0°0707765 
‘3 (Cuprous),. . {| Cul | 63° 63° 00065419 | 1525-30 | 2°35500 | 3°1833553 | 0°3719909 
Mercury (Mercuric), Hg? | 199:8 99°9 | °00103740 963°99 | 3°73450 | 2°9840725 | 0°5722325 
5s (Mercurous), Hg! | 199°8 | 1998 | 00207470 481-99 | 7°-46900 | 2°6830380 | 08732625 | 
Tin (Stannic), . . .| Sut | 1178 29°45 | -00030581 | 3270-00 | 1:10090 | 3°5145478 | 0°0417479 


* Valency is the number of hydrogen atomsit replaces. Atomic weight is the weight of the 
atom, taking hydrogen asl. 


ELECTRO-CHEMISTRY. 


330 












Electro- 


. Chemical mes 
-| ical lombs 
ELEMENTS Val- |Atomic Equi- (Grammes per per Log Log 
; ency.| Weight per Ampere 
valent. Coulomb). Gramme Hour 
e Zz qd w g w 


a | ef ef 


Electro-Positive. 
Tin (Stannous), . 
Iron (Ferric), . 

»_ (Ferrous), 


. | Su2 | 1178 589 | 00061162 | 1655 00 | 2°20180 | 32135178 | 0°3427779 
.| Fet | 55°9 | 18°64* 00019356 | 5166-4 | -69681 | 3-7131894 |1°8431131 
- | Fe? | 55°9 27 95 | °00029035 | 3445°50.| 1:04480 | 3°5372523 | 0:0190332 


Nickel, . . . .. .| Ni | 586 | 29°3 | -00030425 | 3286 80 | 1:09530 | 3°5167733 | 0°0395331 
Zine, we ew oe «| Gn2 | 64:9 | 32°45 | -00033696 | 2967-10 | 1:21330 | 3-4723322 | 0:0839682 
ea 7° ° 2 ® e a 


- | Pb2 | 2064 | 103-2 | :00107160 933°26 | 3°85780 | 29700027 | 0°5863397 


Electro-Negative, 
Green ws 2 x OR 1596 | 798} -00008286 ae === ope oes 






Chigrine,> °. ¢. | GH 35°37 | 35°37 | 00036728 oes rr) one ose 
mame | 126°53 | 126°53 | "00131390 Soe ese eee eee 
Bromine, s » € | Bet 79°75 | 79°75 | °00082812 eee eee oes eee 
Nitrogen, ee ep) Oe 1401} 4°67 | 00004849 nee eae ons ooo 


* Becquerel’s extension of Faraday’s law showed that the electro-chemical equivalent of an 
element is proportional to its chemical equivalent. The latter is equal to its combining weight, 
and not to atomic weight+valency. For example, the ferric salt is an exception to the latter 
rule as are sesqui salts in general. The electro-chemical equivalent in grammes per C.G.S. 
- unit, Z=10 times z, because a coulomh= 7, of the O,G.S. unit of quantity. 


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‘SHIUALLYE PIGE 


BATTERIES, 


307 


ELeEctrO-MotivEe Forces oF VARIOUS CELLS. 











E B.A. 
| + Plate. Porous C Cell. — Plate, Volts. 
| Daniell, | Zine amalg. ee acid, 7% || : I Sabieated solution Copper 1079 
| to of copper sulphate | 
e Es 22 tol 3 0-978 
9 ” ” Nitrate of copper os 1-000 
a aera Woe 
Be - ulphate of copper : 
es “0. _ Sulphate of zinc hs % - 1:07 
Standard, | saturated solution] Saturated solution ‘2 1079 
Grove, = Sulphurie acid, 73|} Nitricacid(fuming)} Platinum 1956 
to 1 
8 * Salt water : — acid, sp. gr. 25 1904 
"Oz 
¥ a Sulphuric acid, 22 “a re 1'810 
to 1 
” - Sulphate of zinc a ts 1:672 
Bunsen, = Dilute sulphuric ||Nitric acid Carbon 1-734 
acid 
Smee, Zine Sulphuric 1, water7 Platinised sil.| -48..11 
Walker, i e a: | » carkon] S.c1 





Ncte.—These E.M.F.’s are 11 per cent. too high, and should be multiplied by ‘9889, 
the ratio of the B.A. unit to the legal ohm. (See p. 14.) 


BATTERIES. 


358 


Evrectro-MotTive Forces or VAartous Cetts—Continued. 














. B.A. 
+ Plate. Porous Cell. — Plate. | Volts. 
—e SS eee ah aa ee | ee ee 
Callan, Zine amalg. | Dilute sulphuric || Nitric acid Cast iron 1-700 
acid 
“| 
Poggendorf, 4 a ; 5 v4 “eis vas Carbon ae 
Marié Davy, Sulphuric acid, 22 || Paste of sulphate me 1°524 
O of mercury 
a ” ‘Dilute sulphuric 55 ses lt 1:33 
acid 
Leclanché, : 4 Solution of sal || Binoxide of man- oF 148 
ammoniac ganese 
Dela Rue(p.334j Zine Chloride of ammonium Silver, +AgCl) 1-030 
Skrivanov,* aS Solution 75-caustic potash to 100 water ” wn) eto S 
Schanschieff, a of basic sulphate of mercury Carbon 1:39 
Becquerel, Zine amalg. Sulphate of Zine Sulphate of lead Lead 0°55 
Niaudet, a Common salt Chloride of lime Carbon 1°65 
Duchemin, a pe Perchloride ofiron Lead 1541 
», secy. Battery,| Platinum Dilute sulphuric || Dilute sulphuric | Platinum Lag 
acid aci 
Latimer Clark | Zinc amalg. | Sulphate of Zinc || Paste of sulphate Mercury 1°45 
(standard cell) of mercury 





Note.-—These E.M. EF. s are 11 per cent. too high, and should be multiplied by ‘9889, 
the ratio of the B.A. unit to the legalohm. (See p. 14.) 


* Used for elec ric “star” lights. 


BATTERIES. 





ganese; inter- 
nai: Trés.== 4 


~ ohm (Llockin), 


Higgin’s  cas- 
cade, internal 
res.='1700hm, 

Thame’s, 

Bennet’s, inter- 
Hay Tes. =} 
ohms, 

Laiande - Cha- 
peron, 

Faure’s second- 
ary battery 
(see p. 534 b), 
Sellon-Volek- 
mar, 


Planté, 


ELectro-MotTive Forcres oF Various CeLts—Continued. 


+ Plate. 


Zine in mer- 
cury 


Zine 


“Ee 


Zinc amalg. 


Lead plate 
coated with 
minium 
Lead plate 
primed with 
minium 

Lead 


Porous Cell. 
ae ar 


25 grammes cry- 
stallised salt to 
1 litre water 


Chromic acid 


Dilute sul. acid 

t otassium hydrox- 
ide (KHO), with 
distilled water 

Caustic soda solu- 
tion 

Dilute 
acid 


sulphuric 


Sol. sulphuric acid, 
sp. gr. 1,10v° 


Dilute sul. acid 


Howell’s man-! Zinc amalg. | Ammonic sulphate,|| Sulphuric acid, 1]Carbon + 


acid to 5 parts 
water 


Sulphuric acid 


| yaeae acid + CrO2 


le 
Damped with 
(KHO) and water 





Oxide of copper or 
‘“copper scale” 
Dilute sulphuric 

acid 


Sol. sulphurie acid,}| Lead plate 


sp. gr. 1,100° 


| Dilute sul. acid 











B.A, 
— Plate. Volts. 
o904 
manganese 
dioxide + 
manganese 
sulphate 
Carbon 19 
Carbon. 2 
Tron can with} 1°3 
iron borings 
Iron 1 


Lead plate }2: to 2°2 
coated with 
minium 
215 
primed with 
minium 
Lead(spongy)|2° to 2°2,; 


Note.—These E.M.F.’s are 1:1 per cent. too high, and should be multiplied by *9589, 


the ratio of the B.A unit to the legal ohm. 


(See p. 14.) 


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qnoyyias Sino0y 9¢ Loy Surmuna jo aqedvo poaoad 
pue ‘pojseq weeq sey guejd Sursaeyo oy4 Tun 
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oytoeds O/ ITT ploe o1mydins oynjip ey], ‘2sT 
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Ul psAtosqo oq ‘taAoMOY ‘UO SsuTOIyNeOOAd Ales 
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qsnuUl 4, ‘ej, 831 Suojoad ouny owes oy} ye pue 
“A1099°%2q ay} jo Aouatoyje oy} oaoaduat ATye0I8 
TIT ‘[Io Suresodeas-uou ofqeqyins we SUTUTey 
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‘SUOLVINWOANNV—SIIVaALLVS qggg 


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‘goxoq oT} OUT woyy SuIyAnd Ul Ueyey oq P[HoYs 
aivd yeorg, ‘(oTod vaTyesou 9} 0} poyzoouttod 
asoyy 6'a'2 ‘saaynbow perpes) soqyetd Aors oy weyy 
soyyeus ore (atod oatzisod oy4 YIM peqoouuods 
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io ‘e8pey Mosiva e Xq pourezer ysnpaes Arp wo 
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Ay[NJorv9 oq P[NoYs syoolq w04z40q WSpoo oT, 
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pure ‘peyoedun Ay[nforvo oq pynoys s][99 SUT, 


"SMOLVIOWQAODY *S'd'W ONIXI LOL SNOILONULSNT 


SUOLVIANNOOV-- SHIUALLIVE I89§ 


of 
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po}se} Suteq Asoqqyeq Yyove 07 10 woz quadanod 
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JO Ssaredot SuIMOT[e Jo ossvqueApe yeuUOIyIppe 
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SI S][90 qsecrxt oyy Jo Aqroedeo eyy aAdA0IOy AM 
qnq ‘jor[eaed ut pooouuos oq You prnoys sTje) 
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‘SUOLVINWANOV—- SUINALLVE psge 


"G6LT OF FSET 9B 
UdSTI OALY [ILM Aqiaess oyoods oyy ustM, ‘Ay] TUN 
peuin, sey [je AtaAe UT poe sty [IZUN sT[90 oYf4 
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qunooov ouUGg ‘AYI[IUT SUIN [99 YOR UL prloe eyy 
TI} ponutzuos oq plnoys Surszeyo oy ‘elqvortyovad 
a10Y AA ‘eoteyo 4SIY OY} IOF oTqtssod se SuoT 
ge poenutju0d oq plnoys pue ‘poppe srt uorynToOS 
ayy toqye AToLeIpouTUAT paotueUWIOD oq P[NOYS s][9o 
ey} fo sulsavyo oy} yey} gueqzodut AoA St 47 


‘STTA’) ‘O’G'W WOL SNOILOANISNT ONIMYOM 


‘S][90 949 0FUT 4nd ST 41 d10Joq 
SUIXIUL Jo}Je SINOY [V1OAOS 1OF pURYS pTNOYs wory 
“NOS oY, ‘“peTtoq Ajsnotacid oq prnoys 4 ‘ouily 
UWOIf OIF PU “4JOS JOU ST posn JoyeM oYY JL puv 
‘peyereues yvoy oy} Jo yunODON UO ‘a1vd Yer 
Y}IM ouop oq 07 Sounder SUIXIU eT, ‘“Weye4 
st AjIAvis oyloods oy o40Jeq [OO. 04 peMOTTe 
pue polis ]jom ‘fossea ojevaedes e& UT J0q}eAA 
YQIM poxtur oq ysnur proe oyy ‘osn 10; Apeos Aued 
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‘aojyautorpAy oyy Aq UMOYS sv ‘OL TT JO Aqtavas 
oyloods & 09 193eM ond YIM poeyntIp eq ysnut 
pue ‘prow orsopyooupAy 40 o1tziu ‘oluesre se Tons 
‘sorq1Ind Ut W1OIF VOIFEd JSNUL prow oLanyd[ns oy], 
"soyed OATPVSOU OY} oAOge “ut ® UY} SSeT Jou 
jo JYStoy e& 0% S[[oo O49 OZUT 4nd SI UOTyN[OS plow 
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pure ‘suLdreyo sof Apvor st SutyyAtoas uwoy AA 
‘pesieyo 
aq 04 [[90 Yoes 1OF SzjOA G.Z sv ‘oureuAp oy} SUT 


‘SUOLVTINWANOV—-SALVHLLVE agge 


euop oq SIY4 jl puv ‘oulty 04 9UIT? WoIZ Toye, 
eq plnoys |[[90 yovo jo Aqtavas oytoeds oy], 
‘s]T[Oo OY} UL SuTureuUleEr 
eorlvyo oy} jo woryvorput oyeurxoidde Apeor v 
Sutptaoad snyy ‘posn yuortimd oy} 03 uorqsodoid 
qoortp ut doip 03 panoy oq [tM Aqtavis oytoeds 
oy} ‘sduryy 949 Ysnosyy osavyosIp oy} Sutang 
"SJINIILN SUISIVYOSIP pue SUTSIVYO 94 
UL YI0q ‘S][eO Jo Jaquinu oY} SuTAIVA JOZ paeog 
YOUIMS OY} UO opvU oq 4SNU sqUoMOcURIIW 
‘poddoqs 
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qey} woye} oq ysnut ated pue f4imoiio UTeu 
oY} e10jaq pesojd SuTeq 4Moito youseu prey 
OY} “JINOILD OFUL POTOJIMS 918 sS]T[I0 94} eIOFaq 
poods jeuLiou $14 SutuMNI oq ysnut owreuUdp ou, 
‘sqstT yperoods ses sodAq Joyo azoq ‘sorodure 
OF 0} FZ WOAZ Jo o}va oY} 9e posaeyo st soqzeyd 
CT SUIULe{UOD T[90 vw snyy, ‘soyeid od Ay osuvy 10 
«Ts, 949 Jo ogvid oarqisod sod sorodure F ynoqe 
se uoyey oq AvuL pur ‘[joo e ut soqeTd jo Joquinu 
OY} WIJ Po}VUITIYSO ST VSIVYOSIP Jo o9eI OT, 
‘poonpoer sduvey jo Joquinu 344 
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oy} ‘Inojoo AIM e SUINZ pIoe 94 TIT} ST[90 ou 
asIVYO OF SANOY SULYAIOM OY} SULINP SUIT} You ST 
OLOY} FLY} PUNOF SI YL JL AVVYY OS ‘ WeYY SuTsneyxXe 
Ajoja7da100 usy} pu sT[e0 944 SuIsavyo ATqaed 
ueyy sozeid oy} Aosop 0} o10W spuo} Suryjou 
qeyy poaoad Ajrvepo useq sey 4y = ‘posaeyo Aypng 
Jaaou ote AOYY Jl LoSuoT YSeT TIT S]Teo ey} yey 
UOTZOU UdYVASIU & OF PoT[eo oq ysnU UVOTQTOIW 
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eyy ur gnd 4say st 41 usyM doap ][LM poe 044 Fo 
AZIAVIS OYTOEds oY Fey} pouoTuem oq Avut 4T 


‘SHOLVTANWAONV—Saluativa  f9g¢ 


perapjos you ore Koy, Jr ‘weap Apyoojsod ydoy oq 
qsnut A10}4%q ey} JNoYSno1yy SuUoTyooUUOD eq J, 
‘GUI9IINO [VULIOU OY} 9B SUTSIVTO 
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s1ya soy Auvdutog oy Aq oprm Ayperoods quour 
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[Jeo Yous Jo WOTYTpUOD oY} 480} OF, “[ePUOUTTIZEp 
st aqvo teddoo ev yAIA s[fao oy} buryuodgy 10 bus 
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ayy Aq papaeyor ATVVoIs og TIM uolze10odeag 
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aand jo uoryrppe ey} Aq dn opeut oq ‘Aressa0ou 
UsyM Ysnu Yor~m Jo uoryesodeao Aue ‘447 
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‘BULYIOM TeoTzOVAd oy JooHe JOU T[LM ST} 
quq ‘A10y4eq oYY qnoysnoryy Apyysts Area [ILM 
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jo suvou Aq s[jeo Surutofpe omy oY} yoouuod 
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sty} Surop jo Sem qsoqdurs oy, “poovpdes wotyy 
pue ‘aSivyostp oy} Jo yred a0 soy oyZ SuLIMp 
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uoos sv Ay]It VAN} 07 JOU puNoj st [Joo Aue FT 
‘EET eter ('2'2—SaAnoy jley-e pue xis ynoqe 


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suin} prow oy} Suisoddns uayy ‘osaeyo s,1noy 
uv SULINpP .g JO OSTA BST OOTY} FEY} PUNOFZ UdEq 
svy 4 geyg pue ‘OLTT st Aqravas oxtoods osvreae 
oy} Suisoddnus—eduiexe 10g ‘asaeyo Ssanoy jo 
jequinu Aressooou oy} oUTUIIeyap 03 Asve puNo}y 
oq [JIM 4L ‘poousuruI0 st SuIsavyo 9Y4 910fOq 





‘SUOLVTINWOADOV— SHIYaLIVaA b89E 


Ue 
jo yyoue, Aue tof Aopa0 ut ydoy oq IITA S][90 04 
quowmyvoiy yorum Aq ‘AYIIUL suIny proe 9yy [II9 
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q10ys @ ofqevorqzoeid Jy ‘“WOIZNTOS YYTA poteAocod 
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Ay[ny oq Ajsnotacid ysnut Aoyy gnq ‘poaoumos 
eq JOU 4snUI plow 94 ‘ewTy Jo YyoueT, Aue JF 
YIOM JO 4NO S][90 oY} OAVET OF poaINbas st 4I FT 
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. "YSIUIvA 10 
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YP SOLOS UL CLE 4VU9 SIOJONPUOD Jo Joquinu 


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gsvd TOYA Sou!] ONOSUSVUT JO JOqUINU 9'OM 

ey} Jo ‘oingemie ysnoigy xuy OTOUSBUL 


Jo ‘aunjouwo fo uorynsryoubnw ey} Ioy puvys “MAY YOrT 


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eq AvuI yt ‘puocdes ted 4nd Sou'| a1yousvut Jo aequinu oy} Aq 
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JO "TWH OL — ‘SOUL OU Ry FUIEUD SIMOMAIUOD 


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0} SPLOM JO J09J0[ ISI O44 FLY} OJON “YOO ay} JO SUIUTISOq 

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Aypenjoe az9Mod oy OF “Yndyno Io AslouUea [NJosu ey} Jo 
01781 04} SI OWBUAP & JO ADWDLIIU WY PVIOAIMWED 

‘£3.09 

1303 04} 0} AS1oue [NJOSN 94} JO OVI OY} ST OlUvUAP B JO 
ADUSIOYJO [VOLI}OI[O,, 10 FUOIIWBIODR IPIWUGHOI 

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‘WTOWHOA AONTIOlAI—SOWYNAA o9ge 


— 


3380p DYNAMOS—EFFICIENCY FORMULA. 


Watts lost in) 
armature, 


Watts lost in 


magnet coils, 


Lost volts, 


Total electrical ) 
energy)_er se: )f 


U eful er E, 


cal output, 


Economic co- ) 
efficient, J 


Commercial 


SERIES MacHINE. 





R 
2 8 e 2 
Ez Cg = Cg(R, +R, +B, )/E, Cy = 02(R, tae) Fn Oa =Ca 
e 


re 
=C, R, 


e€ 
E R, +Ry,+R, 





eflcieney per 100 X BE, C, + (HP X 746) 


centage), 


N.B.—Horse-power is con- 
verted into watts (so as to 
compare with electric output 
of the machine) by multiply- 
ing by 746. 


SHUNT MACHINE. 





R 


2 
E,C, =C, R, 
O. Re 
2 2 2 
Ce R, +, Ra + Cs R, 


100 x E, 


*This will be a maximum 
when, R, is a mean propor- 


tional between, R, and, Rg 





C, + (HP X746) 





CompouND MacaHIneE (Short Shunt). 





Cc. R, 
2 
CU Rn +, Rs 
C,R, +C 
(R R, (Ry, + R,) 
a ti, +R, + R, 
uO, —C-R, 
C, R, 
ye. ee ee eee 
2 HB MES SC pi 
C2, R, + Cg Rg + ©; 3s + Ye tm 
100 XE, C, + (HP X 746) 








In well-constructed compound 
machines the difference between 
“short shunt” and ‘ long shunt” 
is very slight, as, R,,, is so small. 


2 


\ 


°/,6-6 == SAA GTS 


fb = SIEM C1 


| 71-88 = SEM 0 SOT 


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; 

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‘SSOWVNAQC dO LTNUWNAOVNVIN 


! 








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‘SUTOU—DONILHOIT O1LNL0918 PPO 


ELECTRIC LIGHTING-—GAS. 


299 


i 


UsEFuL INFORMATION REGARDING THE GAs COMPANIES OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND IN THE 


PRINCIPAL TOWNS, WHERE GAS Costs 5/ OR LESS PER 1000 CusBic FEET. 





Name or Town. 


Belfast,e . 6k 
Birmingham, . 


Bolton, 6s 
Bristol fo. 


meoablin 6. 


Dundee, *.-\.. 
Edinburgh Gas 
2c Bis Os Se 
Do., Leith and 
District, . 

Glasgow, . .. 


AGOCOS,) 50°. 5 


Aberdeen, . 3 


Population | Annual Sale | Power Stand- Price per © | Number 
istri sin a j 4 ubli 
ae 1000's cabic ft. = £ Sie mich ihe 
7 per hour, 
100,000} 240,000] 27 to 28*| 4/ less dis.] 2,526 
230,000} 614,000} 172 | 3/2less dis. 
; 2/3 to 2/9 
1,000,000] 2,716,568] 173 , Joss 5 °/, ¢ | 20,000 
150,000] 489,149] 182 | 2/8to 3/5 | 3,033 
950,000} 980,000! 17 | 2/4to2/9 | 4,800 
360,000] ... 16 3/11 “% 
160,000 :.. 26 3/4 4.300 
170,000] 638,830] 28 3/8 8,000 
129,000| 285,170 97 3/8 1,401 
750,000 | 1,807,851! 27 2/8 = 
320,000 | 1,426,000/ 20 ; as dis ; 7,000 
2 ° 














| 
Illuminating | 





Price paid 
for Public 
Lamps. 


city 3/6,and 
suburbs 4/ 


4,300 |60/ each # an. 


2/3 less 5 °/, 
2/8 

2/4 less 5 °/, 
3/4 
3/4 


3/5 


15/8 per 
single jet 


6/6 each 








Dividend. 


Redeeming 
annuities of 
£2000 to £3000 
to original 
shareholders 
in old Gas Co. 
Corporation, 
Corporation. 
Corporation 
10 


7&10 
Corporation. 


10 
8 





Corporation. 


Corporation. 


* For other towns see Gas and Water Co.’s Directory and Gas-Works Statistics, by Charles W. 
Hastings. London, 1884. 


ELECTRIC LIGHTING—GAS. 


396 


UsrFvut INFORMATION REGARDING THE Gas Companies OF Great Brita AnD IrELAND—Continued. 








Tluminating 

















Population} Annual Sale | Power Stand-| price per 1000 | Number 
Name or Town. in District | of Gas in ard Candles cubic feet, of Public | Price paid for Tublic Lamps. | Dividend. 
supplied. |1000’s cubic ft.| pers. cb. ft. Lamps. 
per hour. 
Liverpool], . . | 750,000 ose 213 2/9 16021 | eee 7 & 10 


London, The 





Gaelicmand.| ... |14,68e@909| 12 conn /3/ common 


Ceeen 20 eannel|3/11 cannel 48,832 | 2/8 com’n, 3/6 cannel 1] 
Do., The South 
ree opolitan cae 3,936,529 16 2/8 14,270 2/8 less dis. 12 
Do., The Com- xe . iy pcg 
Te tealtes t sss)” | 1,5@RE00-h f° 17 2/8 4,921 76/ each 93 & 198 
Do., Crystal’ ) 
Palace Dis- ete: 486,627 14 3/ 2,044 3/1 less 5°, 6, 7, 10 
= big cis 9) 
fe) ea ridge ~ 
Uiectie eo} x 46,584| 14 5/ 370 “a 7 &10 
Manchester, «| . | 500,000 3d 12 2/8 to 3/2 ue 1 lamp 4 Corpor. 
ewcastle-on- ' a 1 /periamp q Weel 
Tene, | 200,000 | 1,040,000) 16 1/103 6,087 cee 1 of nie 9 
Nottingham, . | 250,000 5 183 2/4 to 2/6 Si 2/4 Corpor. 
9/7 to 2/10 
Oldham, . . . | 160,000| 580,994 183 <joutside 2/9 | + 3,081 2/62 ‘ 
borough 3/ 
Salford, . . . | 280,000] 668,908 21 |3/,3/1,8/7,4/| 6,240 3/ ig 
Sheffield, . . . j 820,000 sae 18 2/ to 2/4 4,900 2. 10 


(oS ee a a aaa a a a 





ELECTRIC LIGHTING—GAS. 


397 


UsrFuL INFORMATION REGARDING THE Gas CoMPANIES OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND, 


SMALL TOWNS WHERE GAs COSTS MORE THAN 6/ PER 1000 Cubic FE&T. 
a 


Illuminating 














Population! -| pa t Price paid 
Name or Town. id Ditties a ee dairies gare i at Public for Tublio Dividend. 
supplied. cubic feet. per s. cb. ft. Lamps. Lamps. 
per hour. 
pperiour.” 2-3 2): 600 190 8 13/ as aaP oes 
Banchory, ‘ sr ey 983 694 33 10/ 19 7/6 5 
Boughton Blean, : 1,661 666. sas ase son 5 
es ictaun(isie, of Man), 2,300 4,700 18 6/9 less dis. eee minted nate 
Cawood, 1,147 16 7/ og | {£48,1st Oct. | 31 
e ° e ry ° 9 eoo to Ist April 2 
Colyton, 5 2 sia =e 480 ae eae 7/6 ane jae ae 
Croston, «liad See eal wgOLS 800 aos 7/6 ist a os 
Debenham, sais 1,349 580 _ 10/* ae 60/ each 
Dufftown, ee 1,252 700 28 12/6 a one 5 
Raster Buckie, pS ee nl 2eeuU 960 23 9/2 less dis. wee eee 5 
Ellon, seemhaee 900 234 ade 13/9 es a aia 
Fortr ose, Pee 914 120 25 14/ oes 26/ each ee 
Golspie, . So facia Puls lOO 650 30 10/ ae abe ees 
Inveraray, Say aad 935 1,200 3 10/ 22 10/ 10 
Old Meldrum, .. 1,492 ey ae 10/ oes oa pas 
aes Sie eeat | 2,619 1,102 195 9/2 cee £30 sen 
Sedburgh, . ot etipe tet, 983 1,500 = 7/6 bee 20/ each ae 
Wendover, .. . . | 2,033 wd st 7/1 25 36/ 5 
Wenlock, 5. eRe 258k a x 7/6 iS 42/ ,, 4 
phettord, 53> ~herus 1,073 1,698 20 6/8 20 35/4 6 





In England there are over 99 towns charging from 5/6 to 6/8. 


! { 


In Ireland there are 28 towns charging from 6/ to 10/. 


In Scotland aN 40 », 6/0 to 10/. | In Wales 5 towns charge 6/8; and ali others under. 
For other towns, see the Gas & Water Co. ‘a s Directory and Gas-Works Statistics, by Charles W. "Hastings. London, 188+. 


* The highest priced gas in England. 


. —! ($61 ‘d 90s) AJLAMONPOD ALOY4 JO Japs0 94 
UI posuvdlivy av SsdUV{SqNs IY —"sIWVIE SUMINpPUGD 


—_— 








¢ 








* ‘asuep 
i ott B1}xX9 a[qnod 4 ‘. 
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19.9 < “QUST Ada A ‘SSUID GUL 
ie * Sob 
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‘SUILIOVAVO HAILONGNY O1dlOgag 


‘10 7.189- aunuiyed : 88. 


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400 


WThermo-electric Scale, — With respect to lead, at a mean temperature 


of 20° C. (Matthiessen). 


centigrade :— 


Bismuth of commerce in Wire, 5 


”? 


crystallised along axis, 
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9 
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German Silver, . A 5 
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Copper of Commerce, oO f see 
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Copper, galvano-plastic, 


1 


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Arsenic, . 


° 


Iron, piano wire, . 


Antimony, crystallised along axis, 


1% 


Phosphorus (red), 


Tellurium, 


| Selenium, 


normal to axis, . 


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ARRANGED BY J. T. BOTTOMLEY, M.A., F.R.S.E. 


e00009 GC 


2 
2 
2 
2 
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10 12 15 
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8 11 13 
8 10 12 
8 10 12 
911 
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9 10 
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6 8 9 
45 6 


29 33 37 


26 30 34 
24 28 31 
23 26 29 


21 24 27 
20 22 25 
i8 21 24 


17 20 29 
16 19 21 
16 18 20 
15 17 19 
14 16 18 
14 15 17 
13 1517 
12 14 16 
12 14 15 
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LOGARITHMS. 





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29 || 4624 | 4639 | 4654 | 4669 4715 
30 || 4771 | 4786 | 4800 | 4814 H 4857 
31 || 4914 | 4928 | 4942 | 4955 4997 
32 || 5051 |} 5065 | 5079 | 5092 513: 
33 || 5185 | 5198 | 5211 | 5224 5263 
34 || 5315 | 5528 | 5540 | 5355 5391 
35 || 5441 | 5453 | 5465 | 5478 5514 
36 || 5563 | 5575 | 5587 | 5099 0635 
37 |; 5682 | 5694 | 5705 | 5717 5752 
38 || 5798 | 5809 | 5821 | 5832 5866 
5) 5911 | 5922 | 5933 | 5944 | 5907 
40 || 6021 | 6031 | 6042 | 6053 6085 
41 || 6128 | 6158 | 6149 | 6160 6191 
42 || 6252 | 6248 | 6253 | 6265 6294 
43 || 6335 | 6345 | 6355 | 6365 6395 
44 || 6455 | 6144 | 6454 | 6464 | 6495 
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ANTILOGARITHMS, — 


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14.16 18 
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19 3256 a9 § 
20 8420 8.5 § 
21 3584 3 5 8 
22 3745 3 5 8 
23 3907 38 5 8 
24 4067 3.5 & 
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26 4384 3.5 8 
27 4540 3.5 8 
28 6695 3.5 8 
29 4848 3.5 8 
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31 5150 25 7 
32 5299 2 OF 
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34 5592 25 7 
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NATURAL SINES,. 


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NATURAL COSINES, 


470 















go’ {| 36” | 42° | a8 | ba f 123] 4 
0° | 9999 9999 | 9999 | 9999 | 9999 0 0 90. 0 
i 9997 9996 | 9996 | 9995 | 9995 0 0 0 0 
2 9990 9990 | 9989 | 9988 | 9987 0. O50 1 
3 9981 9980 | 9979 | 9978 | 9977 00 1 1 
4 [i 9969 9968 | 9966 | 9965 | 9963 0 6 tit q 
5 9954 9952 | 9951 | 9949 | 9947 On sabe] 1 
6 9936 995 9932 | 9930 | 9928 Ornibe t 1 
ih 9914 9912 | 9910 | 9907 | 9905 0; k 1 2s 
8 9890 9888 | 9885 | 9882 | 9SS0 OxeBet 2 
9 9863 9860 | 9857 | 9854 | 9851 0oi1kt2 2 
9833 9829 | 9826 | 9823 | 9820 1 . £2 oy 
9799 9796 | 9792 | 9789 | 9785 buen? 2 
9763 9759 | 9755 | 9751 | 9748 Bed Wie 3 
9724 9720 | 9715 | 9711 | 9707 Like 2 3 
9681 9677 | 9673 | 9668 | 9664 Iv the? 3 
9636 9632 | 9627 | 9622 | 9617 14,322 3 
9588 9583 | 9578 | 9573 | 9568 B tye? 80 | 3 
9537 9532 | 9527 | 9521 | 9516 1:23 4 
30’ se" | 42° | 48° | 5 | 123] 4 


N.B—Numbers in difference-columns to be subtracted, not added.—See Rules. 





or —- PPR CFDS 8 NHN DNS SHO OO or 









NATURAL COSINES. 


471 


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qo0o G20900 GG O92) 


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NATURAL COSINES, 


472 








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2 38 5 7 
2 = Sr one 
24 6 7 
2 4 6 7 
24 6 8 
2 4 6 8 
2 4 6 8 
24 6 8 
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yeaa: aie 8 
2 4 6G 9 
2 es 7 9 
24 7 9 
2. ed 9 
2.56 7 + ig 
25 7 912 
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Beene 4 § 





NATURAL COSINES. 


~ 
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36” 





42’ 


5779 
5635 
5490 


5344 
5195 
5045 


4894 


4741 
4586 
4431 


4274 
4115 
3959 


3795 
8633 
3469 


3300 
3140 


42’ 





, 43’ 


—— _ |———_ | ——_ } | | 


5764 
5621 
5476 


5329 
5180 
5030 
4879 
4726 
4571 
4415 
4258 
4099 
3939 
3778 
3616 
3453 
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NATURAL COSINES. 


474 


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73 || 2924 | 2907 | 2890 | 2874 | 2557 § 2840 § 2823 | 2807 | 2790 | 2773 » Ges 
74 || 2756 | 2740 | 2723 | 2706 | 2689 § 2672 § 2656 | 2639 | 2622 | 2605 38 6 8 
75 || 2588 | 2571 | 2554 | 2538 | 2521 § 2504 § 2487 | 2470 | 2453 | 2436 3 6 8 
76 2419 | 2402 | 2385 | 2368 | 2351 | 233 2317 | 2300 | 2284 | 2267 3.6 8 
77 2250 | 2233 | 2215 | 2198 | 2181 | 2164 § 2147 | 2150 | 2113 | 2096 3 &.9 
78 || 2079 | 2062 | 2045 | 2028 | 2011 § 1994 § 1977 | 1959 | 1942 | 1925 3 6 9 
79 1908 | 1891 | 1874 | 1857 | 1840 # 1822 § 1805 | 1788 | 1771 | 1754 3 6 9 
80 || 1736 | 1719 | 1702 | 1685 | 1668 | 1650 § 1633 | 1616 | 1599 | 1582 3 6 9 
81 1564 | 1547 | 1530 | 1513 | 1495 § 1478 ff 1461 | 1444 | 1426 | 1409 a) G69 
82 || 1892 | 1374 | 1357 | 1340 | 1323 § 1305) 4 1288 | 1271 | 1253 | 1236 3.6 9 
83 1219 | 1201 | 1184 | 1167 | 1149 § 1152 § 1115 | 1097 | 1080 | 1053 38 6 9 
84 || 1045 | 1028 | 1011 | 0993 | 0976 § 0958 § 0941 | 0924 | 0906 | 0889 3 6 °9 
85 || 0872 | 0854 | 0837 | 0S19 | 0802 § 0785 4 0767 | 0750 | 07352 | 0715 & G59 
86 |} 0698 | 0680 | 0663 | 0645 | 0628 § 0610 § 0593 | 0576 | 0558 | 0541 3 6 9 
87 |] 0523 | 0506 | 0488 | 0471 | 0454 § 0436 Ff 0419 | 0401 | 0384 | 0366 5 6 9 
88 || 0349 | 0332 | 0314 | 0297 | 0279 § 0262 § 0244 | 0227 | 0209 | 0192 3 6. 9 
89 || 0175 | 0157 | 0140 | 0122 | 0105 | 0087 § 0070 | 0052 | 0035 | 0017 3.6 9 


——_—_—_—) SS | | SS  _  _  _ | —  _ 











NATURAL TANGENTS. 


475 


3076 


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NATURAL TANGENTS. 


476 


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"3443 8463 | 8482 | 3502 | 3522 3541 3561 | 8581 | 3600 | 8620 3 610 
*3640 8659 | 3679 | 8699 | 3719 3739 38759 | 83779 | 3799 | 3819 3. 42.10 
3839 8859 | 3879 | 8899 | 8919 3939 3959 | 8979 | 4000 } 4020 Se AOELO 
“4040 4061 | 4081 | 4101-} 4122 4142 4163 | 4183 | 4204 } 4224 ore. 4 £O 
4945 4265 | 4286 | 4307 | 4327 4348 4369 | 4890 | 4411 | 445 3 710 
*4452 4473 | 4494 | 4515 | 4536 4557 4578 | 4599 | 4621 | 4642 4 LO 
"4663 4684 | 4706 | 4727 | 4748 4770 4791 | 4813 | 4834 | 4856 7 ater es ip 
4877 4899 | 4921 | 4942 | 4964 4986 5008 | 5029 | 5051 | 5073 4711 
5095 5117 | 5139 | 5161 | 5184 5206 5228 | 5250 | 5272 | 5295 4. Ald 
“317 5340 | 5862 | 5384 | 5407 543 54152 | 5475 | 5498 | 5520 4° 811 
*5543 5566 | 5589 | 5612 | 5635 5658 5681 | 5704 | 5727 | 5750 4 8]2 
5774 5797 | 5820 | 5844 | 5867 5890 5914 | 59388 | 5961 | 5985 4 812 
“6009 60352 | 6056 | 6080 | 6104 6128 6152 | 6176 | 6200 | 6224 4 812 
"6249 6273 | 6297 | 6322 | 6346 63871 6395 | 6420 | 6445 | 6469 4 812 
6494 6519 | 6544 | 6569 | 6594 6619 6644 | 6669 | 6694 | 6720 4 813 
6745 6771 | 6796 | 6822 | 6847 6873 6899 | 6924 | 6950 | 6976 4 918 
“7002 7028 | 7054 | 7080 | 7107 33 7159 | 7186 | 7212 | 7239 4 918 

o | 6 | 19° | 18 | 94 | 30° | 36 | 49° | a8’ | 54’ 123 





NATURAL TANGENTS. 


477 





NATURAL TANGENTS. 


478 


bof 6 ie | te |) ee 30’' | 36’ | 42’ | 48" | 54’ ip 4 5 


————— 5§ ——_—_—_—_——_ | ——_—_-- | ——————_ 
SSS ee ee ee ee 
—— 


54°|| 13764 
55 || 14281 
56 || 1°4826 
57 15399 
58 16903 
59 1:6643 
160 || 1:7321 
61 || 1°8040 
62 || 1°8807 
63 || 1°9626 
64 || 2°0503 
65 2°1445 
66 |} 2°2460 
67 |} 2°3549 
68 24751 
69 2°60d5L 
70 || 2°7475 
71 |}. 2:9042 
0’ 





0061 


4124 
4659 
5224 


5818 
6447 
7113 


7820 


8572 
9375 
0233 
1155 


2148 
3220 


4383 
5649 
7034 
8556 
0237 








9 17 26 
9 18 27 
10 19 29 


10 20 30 
11 21 52 
11 23 34 


12 24 36 


13 26 38 
14 27 41 


15 29 44 


16 31 47 
17 34 51 
18 37 55 


20 40 60 
22 43 65 
24 47 71 


26 52 78 


29 58 87 


Lose ire 


104 130 


115 144 


4 5 


NATURAL TANGENTS, 


479 


















32 64 96 129 
36 72 108 | 144 


41 81 122 | 162 
46 93 139 | 186 
52 107 166 213 


62 124 186 | 248 


73 146 219 | 292 
87 175 262 | 350 


to be useful, owing 
pidity with 

which the value of the 

tangent changes. 


Difference columns cease 
to the ra 


5 


161 
180 


203 
232 
267 


310 


365 
437 


OE LS NS 








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